Hroch obojživelný

Obecné


Ansell, W. F. H. 1971. Order Artiodactyla. The mammals of Africa: An identification manual Eds. by J. Meester & H. W. Setzer): Smithsonian Institution Press.

Burton, M. 1962. Systematic dictionary of mammals of the world. London: Museum Press.

Dean, K. S. 2013. Mammals of Africa, vol 6, Pigs, Hippopotamuses, Chevrontain, Giraffe, Deer and Bovids. Library Journal, 138, 136-+.

Eltringham, S. K. 1999. The hippos. London: Academic Press.

Fry, S. 2010. The hippopotamus. London: Random House.

Hoier, R. 1955. L'hippopotame dans le grande livre de la faune Africaine et da sa chasse. Geneva, 41-51.

Honacki, J. H., Kinman, K. E., & Koeppl, J. W. 1982. Mammal species of the world - a taxonomic and geographic reference: Allen Press.

Jobaert, A. J. 1954. L'hippopotame. Zooleo, 29, 525-537.

Klingel, H. 1989. Hippopomatuses. Grzimek's encyclopedia of mammals (Ed., by B. Grzimek, Vol. 5, pp. 60-79): McGraw-Hill.

Laws, R. M. (1989). Development of research on large mammals in East Africa. Paper presented at the Symposia of the Zoological Society of London.

Leuthold, W. 1977. African ungulates - A comparative review of their ethology and behavioral ecology. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.

Moffet, J. P. 1958. Handbook of Tanganyika (2nd edition ed.). Dar es Salaam: Government of Tanzania.

Oliver, W. L. R. 1993. Pig, peccaries, and hippos: status survey and conservation Action Plan. Gland: IUCN.

Owen-Smith, N. R. 1988. Megaherbivores: The influence of large body size on ecology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Sleeper, B. 1982. Hippos: River horses of Africa. Swara, 5, 25-27.

Wright, P. G. 1964. Wild animals in the tropics. Symposium of The Zoological Society of London, 13, 17-28. 

Anatomie & Morfologie


Alix, E. 1879. Sur la glande lacrymale de l'hippopotame. Bulletin de la Société Zoologique de France, 117-*.

Alix, E. 1879. Sur le glande sympathique de l'hippopotame. Bulletin de la Société Philomathique de Paris, 7, 168.

Alix, E. 1879. Sur le plexus cervicale. Bulletin de la Société Philomathique de Paris, 7, 167.

Allbrook, D. 1962. The morphology of the subdermal glands of Hippopotamus amphibius. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 139, 67-73.

Anghi, C. 1972. Data on lung capacity of the hippopotamus. Állattani Közlemények, 59, 29-35.

Ansell, W. F. H. 1965. Measurements and weights of adult hippo from Zambia. The Puku, 3, 181.

Anthony, J. 1948. Etude de moulages endocraniens d'hippopotames disparus. Memoires du Museum National D'Histoire Naturelle, 26, 31-56.

Beddard, F. E. 1910. A contribution to the anatomy of Hippopotamus amphibius. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 220-232.

Cave, A. J. E., & Blackwood, H. H. H. 1965. Traumatic deformity of hippopotamus tusks. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 146, 447-450.

Clark, J. W. 1872. Notes on the visceral anatomy of the hippopotamus. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 185-195.

Clauss, M., Frey, R., Kiefer, B., Lechner-Doll, M., Loehlein, W., Polster, C., Rossner, G. E., & Streich, W. J. 2003. The maximum attainable body size of herbivorous mammals: morphophysiological constraints on foregut, and adaptations of hindgut fermenters. Oecologia, 136, 14-27.

Clemens, E. T., & Maloiy, G. M. 1982. The digestive physiology of three East African herbivores: elephants, rhinoceros and hippopotamus. Journal of Zoology, 198, 141-156.

Clough, G. 1970. A record of "testis cords" in the ovary of a mature hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius, Linn.). The Anatomical Record, 166, 47-50.

Clough, G. 1970. A record of testis cords in ovary of a mature hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius, Linn.). Anatomical Record, 166, 47-50.

Crisp, E. 1867. On some points connected with the anatomy of the hippopotamus. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 39, 601-612.

Crisp, E. 1867. On the form, size and structure of the viscera of the hippopotamus as compared with the same parts in the members of the pachyderm family and in some other animals. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 39, 689-695.

Dell, L. A., Patzke, N., Spocter, M. A., Bertelsen, M. F., Siegel, J. M., & Manger, P. R. 2016. Organization of the sleep-related neural systems in the brain of the river hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius): a most unusual cetartiodactyl species. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 524, 2036-2058. doi: 10.1002/cne.23930

Du Preez, L. H., & Moeng, I. A. 2004. Additional morphological information on Oculotrema hippopatami Stunkard, 1924 (Monogenea: Polystomatidae) parasitic on the African hippopotamus. African Zoology, 39, 225-233.

Endo, H., Yoshida, M., Nguyen, S. S., Akiba, Y., Takeda, M., & Kudo, K. 2019. Three-dimensional CT examination of the forefoot and hindfoot of the hippopotamus and tapir during a semiaquatic walking. Anatomia Histologia Embryologia, 48, 3-11. doi: 10.1111/ahe.12405

Fisher, R. E., Scott, K. M., & Adrian, B. 2010. Hind limb myology of the common hippopotamus, Hippopotamus amphibius (Artiodactyla: Hippopotamidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 158, 661-682.

Fisher, R. E., Scott, K. M., & Naples, V. L. 2005. The comparative anatomy of the pygmy hippopotamus (Choeropsis liberiensis): appendicular myology. Faseb Journal, 19, A1361-A1361.

Fisher, R. E., Scott, K. M., & Naples, V. L. 2007. Forelimb myology of the pygmy hippopotamus (Choeropsis liberiensis). Anatomical Record-Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology, 290, 673-693. doi: 10.1002/ar.20531

Forstenpointner, G., Probst, A., & Weissengruber, G. E. 2001. The skull of a hippopotamus - report on a discovery and osteologic findings. Wiener Tierarztliche Monatsschrift, 88, 282-288.

Garrod, A. H. 1872. Note on the placenta of the hippopotamus. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 821-822.

Garrod, A. H. 1880. On the brain and other parts of the hippopotamus (H. amphibius). The Transactions of the Zoological Society of London, 11, 11-17.

Gartiolet, L. P. 1867. Recherches sur l'anatomie de l'hippopotame. Paris.

Gartiolet, M. P. 1860. Recherches sur le systeme vasculaire sanguin de l'hippopotame. Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences Paris, 51, 524-528.

Gratiolet, L. P. 1860. Recherches sur le système vasculaire sanguin de l'Hippopotame. Comptes Rendus Mathematique Academie des Sciences, Paris, 51, 524-528.

Hanks, J., & Albl, P. 1973. Observations on the amniotic nodules of the hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius Linn.) The Puku, 7, 133-136.

Hatfield, J. R., Samuelson, D. A., Lewis, P. A., & Chisholm, M. 2003. Structure and presumptive function of the iridocorneal angle of the West Indian manatee (Trichechus manatus), short-finned pilot whale (Globicephala macrorhynchus), hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius), and African elephant (Loxodonta africana). Veterinary Ophthalmology, 6, 35-43.

Hegner, B., & Pilleri, G. 1968. Eye morphology of Hippopotamus amphibius and Choeropsis liberiensis (Mammalia Artiodactyla Hippopotamidae) under various aspects of tapetum lucidum fibrosum and Schlemms canal. Acta Anatomica, 69, 458-461.

Hegner, B., & Pilleri, G. 1968. Note zur Morphologie des Auges von Hippopotamus amphibius und Choeropsis liberiensis (Mammalia, Artiodactyla, Hippopotamidae) mit besonderer Berücksichtigung des Tapetum lucidum fibrosum und des Schlemmschen Kanals. Cells Tissues Organs, 69, 458-461.

Herring, S. W. (1973). Adaptations for gape in hippopotamus. Paper presented at the American Zoologist.

Herring, S. W. 1975. Adaptations for gape in the hippopotamus and its relatives. Forma et functio, 8, 85-100.

Herring, S. W. 1980. Functional design of cranial muscles comparative and physiological studies in pigs. American Zoologist, 20, 283-293.

Himmelreich, H. A. 1981. Primitive and specialized structural features of the pharyngeal muscle system in Hippopotamus amphibius. Zoologichesky Zhurnal, 60, 1231-1245.

Hooijer, D. A. 1942. On the supposed hexaprotodont milk dentition in Hippopotamus amphibius L. Zoologische Mededelingen Leiden, 24, 187-196.

Joleand, L. 1921. Considerations sur le systeme dentaire des Hippopotames. Bulletin de le Soci zoologique de France, 46, 17-22.

Kleckowska-Nawrot, J., Gozdziewska-Harlajczuk, K., & Paszta, W. 2020. The histological and histochemical analysis of the superficial gland of the third eyelid and lacrimal gland in the neonate pygmy hippopotamus (Choeropsis liberiensis, Morton 1849). Journal of Anatomy, 236, 281-281.

Krahnert, R. 1942. Zur anatomie des flußpferdeherzens: (Hippopotamus amphibius L. u. Choeropotamus liberiensis Mort). Zeitschrift für wissenschaftliche Zoologie, CLV, 317-342.

Lakshminarasimhan, A., & Seshadri, V. K. 1959. Observations on the anatomy of a hippopotamus foetus (Hippopotamus amphibius). Indian Veterinary Journal 36.

Langer, P. 1974. Stomach evolution in the Artiodactyla. Mammalia, 38, 295-314.

Langer, P. 1975. Macroscopic anatomy of the stomach of the Hippopotamidae Gray, 1821. Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia, 4, 334-359.

Langer, P. 1976. Functional anatomy of stomach of Hippopotamus amphibius L. 1758. South African Journal of Science, 72, 12-16.

Laws, R. M. 1968. Dentition and ageing of the hippopotamus. East African Wildlife Journal, 6, 19-52.

Ledger, H. P. 1968. Body composition as a basis for comparative study of some East African mammals. Symposia of the Zoological Society of London, 21, 289-310.

Leidy, J. 1952. On the osteology of the head of hippopotamus and a description of the osteological characters of a new genus of Hippopotamidæ. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 2, 207-234.

Locke, M. 2008. Structure of ivory. Journal of Morphology, 269, 423-450.

Lücke, R. 1929. Der Kehlkopf des Hippopotamus amphibius. Anatomische Anzeiger, 67, 241-246.

Lucy, K. M., Indu, V. R., Leena, C., Fathima, R., George, C., Patki, H. S., Surjith, S., & Anneth, A. J. 2018. Gross anatomy of the skull of hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius). Indian Journal of Animal Research, 52, 793-795. doi: 10.18805/ijar.v0iOF.7659

Maust-Mohl, M., Reiss, D., & Reidenberg, J. S. 2019. A comparison of common hippopotamus (Artiodactyla) and Mysticete (Cetacea) nostrils: an open and shut case. Anatomical Record-Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology, 302, 693-702. doi: 10.1002/ar.24032

McCarthy, T. S., Ellery, W. N., & Bloem, A. 1998. Some observations on the geomorphological impact of hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius L.) in the Okavango Delta, Botswana. African Journal of Ecology, 36, 44-56.

Meinertzhagen, R. 1938. Some weights and measurements of large mammals. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, A108, 433-439.

Meyer, W. 2012. A special construction of subepidermal capillary loops in the hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius). Zoological Science, 29, 458-462. doi: 10.2108/zsj.29.458

Meyer, W., Schmidt, J., Busche, R., Jacob, R., & Naim, H. Y. 2012. Demonstration of free fatty acids in the integument of semi-aquatic and aquatic mammals. Acta Histochemica, 114, 145-150. doi: 10.1016/j.acthis.2011.03.011

Meyer, W., Schmidt, J., Kacza, J., Busche, R., Naim, H. Y., & Jacob, R. 2011. Basic structural and functional characteristics of the epidermal barrier in wild mammals living in different habitats and climates. European Journal of Wildlife Research, 57, 873-885.

Naples, V. L., & Grammarye, J. 2007. The myology of the forelimb of the common hippopotamus, Hippopotamus amphibius. Faseb Journal, 21, A204.

Natiello, M., Lewis, P., & Samuelson, D. 2005. Comparative anatomy of the ciliary body of the West Indian manatee (Trichechus manatus) and selected species. Veterinary Ophthalmology, 8, 375-385.

Owen, R. 1840-1845. Odontography; or, A treatise on the comparative anatomy of the teeth; their physiological relations, mode of development, and microscopic structure, in the vertebrate animals. London: Hippolyte Bailliere.

Pandolfi, L., Martino, R., Rook, L., & Piras, P. 2020. Investigating ecological and phylogenetic constrains in Hippopotamidae skull shape. Rivista Italiana Di Paleontologia E Stratigrafia, 126, 37-49.

Passey, B. H., & Cerling, T. E. 2002. Tooth enamel mineralization in ungulates: Implications for recovering a primary isotopic time-series. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 66, 3225-3234.

Pilliet, A., & Boulart, R. 1886. Sur l'estomae de l'hippopotame, du kanguroo de Bennet et du paresseaux ai. Journal de l'anatomie et de la physiologie normales et pathologiques de l'homme et des animaux, 22, 402-423.

Pitman, C. R. S. 1962. Albino hippopotamus. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 139, 531-534.

Pocock, R. I. 1923. The external characters of the pygmy hippopotamus (Choeropsis liberiensis) and of the Suidae and Cainelidae. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1923, 531-549.

R., M. N. S. 1994. Renal anatomy of the pigmy hippopotamus (Choeropsis liberiensis): An overview. Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia, 23, 189-206.

Reidenberg, J. S. 2019. Mysticetes to miniconference to manuscripts: introduction to thematic issue on mysticete anatomy. Anatomical Record-Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology, 302, 663-666. doi: 10.1002/ar.24058

Saban, R. 1971. La musculature peaucière de la tête et du cou chez Hippopotamus amphibius L. 1758. Gegenbaurs morph. Jb, 116, 303-321.

Schwarm, A., Ortmann, S., Fritz, J., Flach, E., Rietschel, W., & Clauss, M. 2013. No distinct stratification of ingesta particles and no distinct moisture gradient in the fore-stomach of non-ruminants: The wallaby, peccary, hippopotamus, and sloth. Mammalian Biology, 78, 412-421. doi: 10.1016/j.mambio.2013.04.001

Sikes, S. K. 1968. Observations on the internal structure of the aorta in East African mammals, with particular reference to the klipspringer, gerenuk and hippopotamus. Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde, 33, 27-42.

Tischendorf, F. 1946. Zur frage abnormer caninusbildung bei Hippopotamus amphibius. Klinische Wochenschrift, 156, 7-10.

Tischendorf, F. 1951. Quantitativ-vergleichende untersuchungen zur funktionellen morphologie des Hippopotamidengebisses. Anatomischer Anzeiger, 98, 317-323.

Toldt Jun, K. 1916. Äusserliche untersuchung eines neugebornen Hippopotamus amphibius L. mit besonderer berücksichtigung des integuments und bemerkungen über die fetalen formen der zehenspitzenbekleidung bei säugetieren. Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, 92, 653-707.

Walzer, C., Petit, T., Stalder, G. L., Horowitz, I., Saragusty, J., & Hermes, R. 2014. Surgical castration of the male common hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius). Theriogenology, 81, 514-518. doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2013.10.018

Weber, M. 1886. Beitrage zur anatomie von Hippopotamus amphibius. Studien uber Saugethiere): Jena: Gustav Fisher.

Weston, E. M. 2003. Evolution of ontogeny in the hippopotamus skull: using allometry to dissect developmental change. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 80, 625-638.

Wilson, V. J. 1968. Weigths of some mammals from Eastern Zambia. Arnoldia (Rhodesia), 3, 1-19.

Yoshimura, K., Hama, N., Shindo, J., Kobayashi, K., & Kageyama, I. 2009. Light and scanning electron microscopic study on the tongue and lingual papillae of the common hippopotamus, Hippopotamus amphibius amphibius. Anatomical Record-Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology, 292, 921-934.

Yoshitomi, S., Kawashima, T., Murakami, K., Takayanagi, M., Inoue, Y., Aoyagi, R., & Sato, F. 2012. Anatomical architecture of the brachial plexus in the common hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius) with special reference to the derivation and course of its unique branches. Anatomia Histologia Embryologia, 41, 280-285. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0264.2012.01135.x

Zoric, Z., Lozance, O., Marinkovic, D., Blagojevic, M., Nesic, I., Demus, N., & Dordevic, M. 2018. Skull bone anatomy of the young common hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius). Acta Veterinaria-Beograd, 68, 361-372. doi: 10.2478/acve-2018-0030

Chování


Amédée-Pichot, P. 1919. Les immersions de l'hippopotame. Bulletin de la Société National d'Acclimatisation France, 66, 297-300.

Ansell, W. F. H. 1965. Feeding habits of Hippopotamus amphibius (Linnaues). The Puku, 3, 171.

Babault, G. 1949. Notes éthologiques sur quelques Mammifieres africains. Mammalia, 13.

Barklow, W. E. 1997. Hippo talk. Natural History, 104, 54.

Barklow, W. E. 1997. Some underwater sounds of the hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius). Marine and Freshwater Behaviour and Physiology, 29, 237-249.

Barklow, W. E. 2004. Amphibious communication with sound in hippos, Hippopotamus amphibius. Animal Behaviour, 68, 1125-1132.

Crowther, R., & Whyte, I. 1989. Hippos interfere. Custos, 18, 10.

de LaLouviere, P. L. H. 1989. Record of a hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius killing livestock. Lammergeyer, 40, 6-7.

Ellis, S. 2006. 'Mama' - A true story in which a baby hippo loses his mama during a tsunami, but finds a new home, and a new mama. New York Times Book Review, 18-18.

Estes, R. D. 1991. The behavior guide to African mammals. Oxford: University of California Press.

Fazal, S., Manzoor, F., Khan, B. N., Shehzadi, A., & Pervez, M. 2014. Comparative behavioral study of male Nile hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius) after pairing at Lahore zoo. Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 46, 601-607.

Field, C. R. (1968). A comparative study of the food habits of some wild ungulates in the Queen Elizabeth National Park, Uganda. Paper presented at the Symposium of the Zoological Society, London.

Fradrich, H. 1967. Das verhalten der Schweine und Flusspferde. Handbuch der Zoologie, 8, 1-44.

Ginsberg, J. R., & I., R. D. 1990. Sperm competition in zebra mating behavior. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 26, 427-434.

Greasley, W. H. 1973. Protective maternal behaviour of hippopotamus. The Puku, 7, 196.

H., K. 1979. Soziale organisation des flusspferdes Hippopotamus amphibius. Verhandlungen der Deutschen Zoologischen Gesellschaft. in Regensburg, 241.

H., K. 1981. Großes maul, aber friedlich. Sielmanns Tierwelt 11, 46-51.

Chapman, H. C. 1881. Observations upon the hippopotamus. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 126-148.

Inman, V. L., & Leggett, K. E. A. 2020. Observations on the response of a pod of hippos to a dead juvenile hippo (Hippopotamus amphibius, Linnaeus 1758). African Journal of Ecology, 58, 123-125. doi: 10.1111/aje.12644

Jones, M. L. 1993. Longevity of ungulates in captivity. International Zoo Yearbook, 32, 159-169.

Karstad, E. L., & Hudson, R. J. 1986. Social organization and communication of riverine hippopotami in southwestern Kenya. Mammalia, 50, 153-164.

Klingel, H. 1979. Social organisation of Hippopotamus amphibius. Verhandlungen der Deutschen Zoologischen Gesellschaft, 72, 241.

Klingel, H. 1981. Wie flusspferde ihre umwelt gestalten. Sielmanns Tierwelt, 2, 30-37.

Klingel, H. 1983. Life with the gentle giants. Swara, 6, 24-27.

Klingel, H. 1991. Sizing up a heavyweight. International Wildlife, 21, 4-11.

Klingel, H. (1991, 1991). The social organisation and behaviour of Hippopotamus amphibious. Paper presented at the African Wildlife Reseach and Management.

Klingel, H. (1993). Marking behaviour in Hippopotamus amphibius. Paper presented at the XXIII. International Ethological Conference, Torremolinos.

Klingel, H. 1995. Fluctuating fortunes of the river horse. Natural History, 104, 46-57.

Klingel, H. 1995. Zoff in hippo hills. BBC Wildlife, 8, 6-15.

Kock, D. 1970. Die verbreitungsgeschichte des flusspferdes, Hippopotamus amphibius Linné, 1758, im unteren Nilgebiet. Ein beitrag zur zoogeographie Nordafrikas. Säugetierk. Mitt, 18, 12-25.

Krueger, S. K. (2000). Investigating echolocation in the hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius). M. S. Thesis, Bowling Green State University, Ohio.

Laws, R. M., & Clough, G. 1966. Observation of reproduction in the hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius). Symposia of the Zoological Society of London, 15, 117-140.

Leuthold, W. 1977. African ungulates - A comparative review of their ethology and behavioral ecology. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.

MacKie, C. S. 1976. Feeding habits of the hippopotamus on the Lundi River, Rhodesia. Arnoldia, 7, 1-16.

Matsuzaki, M., & Nakagawa, S. 1973. The copulation of hippopotamus on land. Journal of the Mammalogical Society of Japan, 5, 212.

Nje, J. N. 1988. Contribution à l'étude de la structure de la population des hippopotames (Hippopotamus amphibius L.) au Parc National de la Bénoué (Cameroun). Mammalia, 52, 149-158.

Nje, J. N. 1988. Structure of Hippopotamus amphibius population in the Benoue National Park (Cameroon). Mammalia, 52, 149-158.

Noirard, C., Le Berre, M., Ramousse, R., & Lena, J. P. 2008. Seasonal variation of thermoregulatory behaviour in the hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius). Journal of Ethology, 26, 191-193.

Parker, G. H. 1932. The normal period of submergence for the hippopotamus. American Journal of Physiology, 99, 577-578.

Phillipson, J., & Pomeroy, D. E. 1972. Hippopotamus defending carcass? . East African Natural History Society Bulletin, 10, 173-174.

Physick, R. 1972. Hippopotamus behaviour. Lammergeyer, 15, 78.

Pluháček, J., & Bartošová, J. 2011. A case of suckling and allosuckling behaviour in captive common hippopotamus. Mammalian Biology, 76, 380-383.

Pucora, E., Schiffmann, C., & Clauss, M. 2019. Resting postures in terrestrial mammalian herbivores. Journal of Mammalogy, 100, 552-563. doi: 10.1093/jmammal/gyz044

Ralls, K., Kranz, K., & Lundrigan, B. 1986. Mother-young relationships in captive ungulates:variability and clustering. Animal Behaviour, 34, 134-145.

Ralls, K., Lundrigen, B., & Kranz, K. 1987. Mother-young relationships in captive ungulates: behavioral changes over time. Ethology, 75, 1-14.

Sailer, O. 1950. Aus der Nilpferd-Aufzucht des Dresdner Zoo. Neue Ergebn und Probl. Zool., 145, 835-839.

Saint-Hillaire, I. G. 1858. Note sur la naissance d'un jeune hippopotame a la ménagerie du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle. Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences Paris, 879.

Scotcher, J. S. B. 1973. Observations on the breeding behaviour of hippopotamus. Lammergeyer, 19, 35-36.

Senior, M., & Tong, E. H. 1963. Parturition in a hippopotamus. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 140, 57-59.

Schutte, G. W. 1973. Hippopotamus behaviour after shooting an adult female. Lammergeyer, 19, 36.

Stears, K., Nunez, T. A., Muse, E. A., Mutayoba, B. M., & McCauley, D. J. 2019. Spatial ecology of male hippopotamus in a changing watershed. Scientific Reports, 9. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-51845-y

Thal, J., & Ngog Nje, J. (1987). Rapport concernant les mortalites d'hippopotames au Parc National de la Bernoue (pp. 6). Cameroun: Ecole de Faune.

Verheyen, R. 1954. Monographie éthologique de l'hippopotame. Brussels: Institut des Parcs Nationaux du Congo Belge.

Vevers, G. M. 1926. Some notes on the recent birth of the hippopotamus in the gardens. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1097-1100.

Zapico, T. A. 1999. First documentation of flehmen in a common hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius). Zoo Biology, 18, 415-420.

Zapico, T. A. (2000). The behavior of captive common hippos (Hippopotamus amphibius): the effects of environment and observations of sociosexual investigatory behaviors. Ms. Thesis, University of Denver, Denver.   

Ochrana


Anonymous. 1993. Hippos return to Sundays River. African Wildlife, 47, 31.

Baker, L. R., Che, J., Teneke, V. N., Kadala, E., Uba, M. S., Geoffrey, N., & Haskainu, C. 2020. Common hippopotamus in Nigeria: New census data and literature review confirm the conservation importance of sites outside protected areas. Aquatic Conservation-Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 30, 1996-2003. doi: 10.1002/aqc.3397

Barrett, J. 1991. Tanzania tinkles with the ivory trade. The Guardian.

Bere, R. M. 1959. Qeen Elisabeth National Park, Uganda. The hippopotamus problem and experiment. Oryx, 5, 116-124.

Bruton, M. N. 1979. The utilization and conservation of Lake Sibaya. Lake Sibaya, Monographiae Biologicae, (Ed., by A. B. R., Vol. 36, pp. 286-312). The Hague: Dr W. Junk Publishers,.

Caro, T. 2008. Decline of large mammals in the Katavi-Rukwa ecosystem of western Tanzania. African Zoology, 43, 99-116.

Cole, M. (1992, April 8). Zimbabwe hippos threatened by drought.

De Boer, W. F., & Baquete, D. S. 1998. Natural resource use, crop damage and attitudes of rural people in the vicinity of the Maputo Elephant Reserve, Mozambique. Environmental Conservation, 25, 208-218.

Dibloni, T. O., Vermeulen, C., Guenda, W., & Alfred, M. N. 2010. Structure démographique et mouvements saisonniers des populations d'hippopotame commun, Hippopotamus amphibius Linné 1758 dans la zone sud soudanienne du Burkina Faso. Tropical Conservation Science, 3, 175-189.

Eltringham, S. K. 1993. The common hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius. Pigs, Peccaries and Hippos Status Survey Action Plan (1993) (Ed., by R. L. Oliver, Vol. Chapter 3.2, pp. 1-14). Cambridge: IUCN.

Eltringham, S. K. 1993. Review of priorities for conservation action and future research on Hippopotamuses. Pigs, Peccaries and Hippos Status Survey Action Plan (1993) (Ed., by R. L. Oliver, Vol. Chapter 3.4, pp. 1-7). Cambridge: IUCN.

Fritsch, C. J., & Downs, C. T. 2020. Evaluation of low-cost consumer-grade UAVs for conducting comprehensive high-frequency population censuses of hippopotamus populations. Conservation Science and Practice, 2. doi: 10.1111/csp2.281

Haddara, M. M., Haberisoni, J. B., Trelles, M., Gohou, J. P., Christella, K., Dominguez, L., & Ali, E. 2020. Hippopotamus bite morbidity: a report of 11 cases from Burundi. Oxford Medical Case Reports, 271-274. doi: 10.1093/omcr/omaa061

Jacobsen, N. H. G., & Kleynhans, C. J. 1993. The importance of weirs as refugia for hippopotami and crocodiles in the Limpopo River, South Africa. Water South Pretoria, 19, 301-306.

Kanga, E. M., Ogutu, J. O., Olff, H., & Santema, P. 2011. Population trend and distribution of the vulnerable common hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius in the Mara Region of Kenya. Oryx, 45, 20-27.

Kendall, C. I. 2011. The spatial and agricultural basis of crop raiding by the vulnerable common hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius around Ruaha National Park, Tanzania. Oryx, 45, 28-34.

Klingel, H. 1979. Das kriegsgemetzel in Uganda. Das Tier 10, 10-13.

Lewison, R. 2007. Population responses to natural and human-mediated disturbances: assessing the vulnerability of the common hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius). African Journal of Ecology, 45, 407-415.

Macdonald, I. A. W., & Brooks, P. M. 1982. Monitoring for the detection of mammal overabundance in small conservation areas. Management of large mammals in African conservation areas (Ed., by R. N. Owen-Smith, pp. 187-200). Pretoria: Haum Publishers.

Mackie, C. S., Dunham, K. M., & Ghiurghi, A. 2013. Current status and distribution of the Vulnerable common hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius in Mozambique. Oryx, 47, 70-76. doi: 10.1017/s0030605311001554

Maydana, S. F. 2020. Hippopotamus hunting in predynastic Egypt: reassessing archaeozoological evidence. Archaeofauna, 29, 137-150. doi: 10.15366/archaeofauna2020.29.009

Mkanda, F. X., & Kumchedwa, B. 1997. Relationship between crop damage by hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius L.) and farmer complaints in the Elephant Marsh. Journal of African Zoology, 111, 27.

Musiwa, A. R., & Mhlanga, W. 2020. Human-wildlife conflict in Mhokwe Ward, Mbire District, North-East Zimbabwe. African Journal of Ecology, 58, 786-795. doi: 10.1111/aje.12774

Naylor, J. N., Caughley, G. J., Abel, N. D. J., & Liberg, O. (1973). Luangwa valley conservation and development project, Zambia Game management and habitat manipulation. Rome: FAO.

Pozo, R. A., LeFlore, E. G., Duthie, A. B., Bunnefeld, N., Jones, I. L., Minderman, J., Rakotonarivo, O. S., & Cusack, J. J. 2020. A multispecies assessment of wildlife impacts on local community livelihoods. Conservation Biology. doi: 10.1111/cobi.13565

Roth, H. H., Hoppe-Dominik, B., Mühleneberg, M., Steinhauer-Burkart, B., & Fischer, F. 2004. Distribution and status of hippopotamids in the Ivory Coast. African Zoology, 39, 211-224.

Spinage, C. A. 1959. Hippos galore. The Kazinga Channel and its hippo problem. African Wildlife, 13, 117-121.

Spinage, C. A. 1980. Parks and reserves in Congo Brazaville. Oryx, 15, 292-295.

Stalmans, M. E., Massad, T. J., Peel, M. J. S., Tarnita, C. E., & Pringle, R. M. 2019. War-induced collapse and asymmetric recovery of large-mammal populations in Gorongosa National Park, Mozambique. Plos One, 14. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212864

Utete, B. 2020. A review of some aspects of the ecology, population trends, threats and conservation strategies for the common hippopotamus, Hippopotamus amphibius L, in Zimbabwe. African Zoology, 55, 187-200. doi: 10.1080/15627020.2020.1779613

Vega, I. 1995. The hippo threatened due to ivory trade.

Walker, O. 1967. The hippo poacher. London: Cassel.

Rozšíření & Status


Ansell, W. F. H. 1960. Mammals of Northern Rhodesia. Government Printer.

Ansell, W. F. H. 1965. Hippo census on the Luangwa river, 1963-1964. The Puku, 3, 15-27.

Ansell, W. F. H. 1973. A hippo count on the upper Luangwa river. The Puku, 7, 193-195.

Ansell, W. F. H. 1978. The mammals of Zambia. National Parks and Wildlife Service, Zambia.

Anstey, S. 1991. Large mammal distribution in Liberia. WWF-International, Gland.

Attwell, R. I. G. 1963. Surveying Luangwa hippo. The Puku, 1, 29-49.

Atwell, R. I. G. 1963. Surveying Luangwa hippo. The Puku, 1, 29-49.

Bennett, D., Green, N., & Basuglo, B. 2000. The abundance of Hippopotamus amphibius in the Black Volga River at Bui National Park, Ghana. African Journal of Ecology, 38, 372-373.

Bere, R. M. 1959. Qeen Elisabeth National Park, Uganda. The hippopotamus problem and experiment. Oryx, 5, 116-124.

Bhima, R. 1996. Census of hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius (L.)) in the Upper Shire River, Malawi. African Journal of Ecology, 34, 83-85.

Blancou, L. 1958. Distribution géographique des ongulés d'Afrique Equatoriale Française en relation avec leur écologie. Mammalia, 22, 294-316.

Blancou, L. 1958. Note sur le statut actuel des ongulés en Afrique Equatoriale Française. Mammalia, 22, 399-405.

Bruton, M. N. 1978. Recent mammal records from eastern Tongaland in KwaZulu, with notes on hippopotamus in Lake Sibaya. Lammergeyer, 24, 19-27.

Bruton, M. N. 1979. The amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals of Lake Sibaya. Lake Sibaya. Monographiae Biologicae (Ed., by A. B. R., Vol. 36, pp. 246-285). The Hague: Dr W. Junk Publishers.

Caro, T. 2008. Decline of large mammals in the Katavi-Rukwa ecosystem of western Tanzania. African Zoology, 43, 99-116.

Clarke, J. R. 1953. The hippopotamus in Gambia, West Africa. Journal of Mammalogy, 34, 299-315.

Coulson, I. (1981). Annual hippo census, South-eastern lowveld. Zimbabwe: Department of National Parks and Wildlife Management.

Cristino, J. J., & Melo, d. S. A. E. 1958. Status des ongulés en Guinée Portugaise. Mammalia, 22, 387-389.

Denis, A. 1964. The hippos of Lake Baringo. Oryx, 7, 251-252.

Dibloni, T. O., Vermeulen, C., Guenda, W., & Alfred, M. N. 2010. Structure démographique et mouvements saisonniers des populations d'hippopotame commun, Hippopotamus amphibius Linné 1758 dans la zone sud soudanienne du Burkina Faso. Tropical Conservation Science, 3, 175-189.

Diriba, G., Tamene, S., Mengesha, G., & Asefa, A. 2020. Diversity of medium and large mammals in the Loka Abaya National Park, southern Ethiopia. Ecology and Evolution, 10, 9896-9905. doi: 10.1002/ece3.6649

Dorst, J., & Dandelot, P. 1972. A field guide to the large mammals of Africa. London. : Collins

Du Plessis, S. F. (2008). The past and present geographical distribution of the Perissodactyla and Artiodactyla in Southern Africa. M. Sc. thesis, University of Pretoria.

Dugmore, H. 2001. Seeking four female hippos. Africa geographic, 9, 41.

Field, C. R., & Laws, R. M. 1970. The distribution of the larger herbivores in the Queen Elisabeth National Park, Uganda. Journal of Applied Ecology, 7, 273-294.

Fuller, G. 1975. Hippopotamus amphibius along the Omo River. Walia, 1975, 4-7.

Goddard, J. (1970). Hippopotamus populations on the Luangwa River UNiFAO, Luangwa Valley project.

Green, A. A. 1979. Density estimate of the larger mammals of Arly National Park, Upper Volta. Mammalia, 43, 59-70.

Green, A. A. 1997. Hippopotami of the Pendjari Ecosystem (Benin and Burkina Faso) during the 1970's. Nigerian Field, 62, 130-139.

Griffen, H. J. W. 1991. Wetland-associated mammals of Namibia-a national review. Madoqua, 1991, 233-237.

Hoier, R. 1950. Hippopotames (Hippopotamus amphibius Linne). A travers plaines et volcans au Parc National Albert, Explorations du Parc National Albertpp. 22-30). Brussels: Institut des Parcs Nationaux du Congo Belge.

Hoier, R. 1950. Les hippopotames du Parc Albert. Zooleo, 5, 15-21.

Hoier, R. 1955. A travers plaines et volcans au Parc National Albert. Brussels: Institut des Parcs Nationaux du Congo Belge.

Child, D. 1962. Hippo hunt in the Sahara. African Wildlife, 16, 337-339.

Kain, D. N. E. 1956. South Africa's hippo herds on the march. Veld & Vlei 1, 9-26.

Kanga, E. M., Ogutu, J. O., Olff, H., & Santema, P. 2011. Population trend and distribution of the vulnerable common hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius in the Mara Region of Kenya. Oryx, 45, 20-27.

Karstad, E. L., & Hudson, R. J. 1984. Census of the Mara River hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius), southwest Kenya. 1980-82. African Journal of Ecology, 22, 143-147.

Karstad, E. L., & Hudson, R. J. 1984. Numbers and distribution of hippopotami of the Mara River, southwestern Kenya. African Journal of Ecology 22, 143-147.

Kettlitz, W. K. 1962. The distribution of some of the larger game mammals in the Transvaal (excluding the Kruger National Park). Annals of the Cape Provincial Museums, 11, 118-137.

Longhurst, W. M. (1958). Wildlife research in Uganda. Trustees of the Ugandan National Parks (Vol. 3).

Marshall, P. J., & Sayer, J. A. 1976. Population ecology and response to cropping of a hippopotomus population in eastern Zambia. Journal of Applied Ecology, 13, 391-404.

Middleton, I. (1972). A study of a low density hippopotamus population in the mid-Zambezi valley, Rhodesia. Thesis. University of Rhodesia.

Monitoring, T. W. C. (1991). Wildlife Census, Katavi-Rukwa, November 1991.

Ndhlovu, D. E., & Balakrishnan, M. 1991. Large herbivores in Upper Lupande Game Management Area, Luangwa Valley, Zambia. African Journal of Ecology, 29, 93-104.

Nchanji, A. C., & Fotso, R. C. 2006. Common hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius): a survey on the River Djerem, Mbam-Djerem National Park, Cameroon. Mammalia, 70, 9-13.

Norton, P. M. 1988. Hippopotamus numbers in the Luangwa Valley, Zambia, in 1981. African Journal of Ecology, 26, 337-339.

Peters, W. H. С. 1852. Naturwissenschaftliche reise nach Mossambique (Vol. 1). Berlin: Druck und Verlag von Georg Reimer.

Petrides, G. A., & Swank, W. G. 1965. Population densities and the range-carrying capacity for large mammals in Queen Elizabeth National Park, Uganda. Zoologica Africana, 1, 209-225.

Pienaar, U. d. V. 1963. The large mammals of the Kruger National Park - Their distribution and present-day status. Koedoe, 6, 1-37.

Rautenbach, I. L. (1982). Mammals of the Transvaal. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg.

Roberts, A. 1951. The mammals of South Africa. South Africa: Central News Agency.

Sazer, J. A., & Green, A. A. 1984. The distribution and status of large mammals in Benin. Mammal Review, 14, 37-50.

Sclater, W. L. 1900. The mammals of South Africa. London: R. H. Porter.

Scotcher, J. S. B. 1978. Hippopotamus numbers and movements in Ndumu Game Reserve. Lammergeyer, 24, 5-12.

Sidney, J. 1965. The past and present distribution of some African ungulates. Transactions of the Zoological Society of London, 30, 1-397.

Skead, C. J. 1980. Historical mammal incidence in the Cape Province (Vol. 1): Department of Nature and Environmental Conservation of the Provincial Administration of the Cape of Good Hope.

Smart, A. C. 1990. The density of Hippopotamus amphibius, Linnaeus at Lake Naivasha Kenya. Tropical Freshwater Biology, 2.

Smithers, R. H. N. 1966. The mammals of Rhodesia, Zambia and Malawi: A Handbook. London: Collins.

Smithers, R. H. N. 1971. The mammals of Botswana. Museum memoir National Museums Monuments of Rhodesia, 4, 1-340.

Smithers, R. H. N. 1979. Check list and atlas of the mammals of Zimbabwe Rhodesia. Museum memoir National Museums Monuments of Rhodesia, 9, 1-147.

Smithers, R. H. N. 1983. The mammals of southern African region. Pretoria: University of Pretoria.

Smithers, R. H. N., & Tello, J. L. P. L. 1976. Check list and atlas of the mammals of Moçambique. Salisbury: Trustees of the National Museums and Monuments of Rhodesia.

Spinage, C. A., Guiness, F., Eltringham, S. K., & Woodward, M. H. 1972. Estimation of large mammal numbers in the Akagera National Park and Mutara Hunting Reserve, Rwanda. Terre et Vie, 4, 561-570.

Stewart, D. R. M., & Stewart, J. 1963. The distribution of some large mammals in Kenya. Journal of East African Natural History Society, 24, 1-52.

Stewart, D. R. M., & Talbot, L. M. 1962. Census of wildlife on the Serengeti, Mara, and Loita Plains. East African Agricultural and Forestry Journal, 28, 56-60.

Taylor, R. H. (1976, 15 -17 th February 1976). Hippopotamuses at Lake St. Lucia. Paper presented at the St. Lucia scientific advisory council workshop meeting, Charter's Creek.

Taylor, R. H. (1980). A land capability study for hippopotamuses at Lake St. Lucia, Zululand. M.Sc. thesis, University of Natal.

Tembo, A. 1987. Population status of the hippopotamus on the Luangwa River, Zambia. African Journal of Ecology, 25, 71-77.

Viljoen, P. C. 1980. Distribution and numbers of the hippopotamus in the Olifants and Blyde rivers. South African Journal of Wildlife Research-24-month delayed open access, 11, 129-130.

Viljoen, P. C. 1995. Changes in number and distribution of hippoptamus (Hippopotamus amphibius) in the Sabie River, Kruger National Park, during the 1992 drought. Koedoe, 38, 115-121.

Viljoen, P. C., & Biggs, H. C. 1998. Population trends of hippopotami in the rivers in the Kruger National Park, South Africa. Behaviour and ecology of riparian mammals Eds. by D. Dunstone & M. Gorman). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Vincent, J. 1962. The distribution of ungulates in Natal. Annals of the Cape Provincial Museums, 2, 110-117.

Wilson, V. J. 1975. Mammals of the Wankie National Park, Rhodesia. Museum memoir National Museums Monuments of Rhodesia, 5, 1-147.

Ekologie


Attwell, R. I. G. 1966. Oxpeckers and their associations with mammals in Zambia. The Puku, 4, 17-48.

Benson, C. W. 1962. Jacanas and other birds perching on hippopotamus. Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club, 82, 21-22.

Bere, R. M. 1957. Fauna research. Proposal to reduce hippopotamus in the Queen Elizabeth National Park. African Wildlife, 11, 213-217.

Briand Petersen, J. C., & Casebeer, R. L. 1971. A bibliography relating to the ecology and energetics of East African large mammals. East African Wildlife Journal 9, 1-23.

Clementz, M. T., Holroyd, P. A., & Koch, P. L. 2008. Identifying aquatic habits of herbivorous mammals through stable isotope analysis. Palaios, 23, 574-585. doi: 10.2110/palo.2007.p07-054r

Cohen, M. (1970). Game digest for hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius University of Pretoria

Department of Zoology.

Cumming, D. H. M. 1982. The influence of large herbivores on savanna structure in Africa. Ecological Studies, 42, 217-245.

Dawson, J., Pillay, D., & Perissinotto, R. 2020. Idiosyncratic responses of meiofaunal assemblages to hippo dung inputs in an estuarine lake. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science, 239. doi: 10.1016/j.ecss.2020.106745

Dawson, J., Pillay, D., Perissinotto, R., & Richoux, N. B. 2020. Fatty acid analyses provide novel insights on hippo defecation and consequences for aquatic food webs. Scientific Reports, 10. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-68369-5

Dean, W. R. J., & Macdonald, I. A. W. 1981. A review of African birds feeding in association with mammals. Ostrich, 52, 135-155. doi: 10.1080/00306525.1981.9633599

Delvingt, W. (1978). Écologie de l'hippopotame (Hippopotamus amphibius. L) au parc national des Virunga (Zaïre). Ph.D. thesis, Faculté des sciences agronomiques de l'état Gembloux.

Dibloni, T. O., Sibiri, S., Ouedraogo, I., & Wendengoudi, G. 2012. Feeding habits of Hippopotamus amphibius and carrying capacity in the biosphere reserve of "Mare aux hippopotames" in the South-Sudanian zone of Burkina Faso. Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 44, 433-442.

Dudley, J. P. 1998. Reports of carnivory by the common hippo Hippopotamus amphibius. South African Journal of Wildlife Research, 28, 58-59.

Dudley, J. P. 1998. Strange but true: First records of carnivory for hippos in southern and eastern Africa. African Wildlife, 52, 12-14.

Dutton, C., Anisfeld, S. C., & Ernstberger, H. 2013. A novel sediment fingerprinting method using filtration: application to the Mara River, East Africa. Journal of Soils and Sediments, 13, 1708-1723. doi: 10.1007/s11368-013-0725-z

Dutton, C. L., Subalusky, A. L., Hamilton, S. K., Bayer, E. C., Njoroge, L., Rosi, E. J., & Post, D. M. 2020. Alternative biogeochemical states of river pools mediated by hippo use and flow variability. Ecosystems. doi: 10.1007/s10021-020-00518-3

Eksteen, J. J. (1993). The determination of acceptable hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius, Linn.) densities in the Crocodile River, outside the Kruger National Park. Ph. D. Thesis, University of the Witwatersrand.

Eltringham, S. K. 1974. Community changes following removal of the hippopotamus. Journal of Applied Ecology, 11, 855-865.

Eltringham, S. K. 1974. Changes in the large mammal community of Mweya Peninsula, Rwenzori National Park, Uganda, following removal of hippopotamus. Journal of Applied Ecology, 11, 855-865.

Eltringham, S. K. 1980. A quantitative assesments of range usage by large African mammals with particular reference to the effects of elephants on trees. African Journal of Ecology, 18, 53-71.

Estes, R. D. 1991. The behavior guide to African mammals. Oxford: University of California Press.

Field, C. R. 1968. A comparative study of the food habits of some wild ungulates in the Queen Elisabeth National Park, Uganda preliminary report. Symposia of the Zoological Society of London, 21, 153-151.

Field, C. R. 1968. Methods of studying the food habits of some wild ungulates in Uganda. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 27, 172-177.

Field, C. R. 1972. The food habits of wild ungulates in Uganda by analysis of stomach contents. East African Wildlife Journal, 10, 17-42.

Forbes-Watson, A. D., & Turner, D. A. 1977. Little Grebe Tachybaptus ruficollis associating with hippo. Scopus, 1, 21.

Gregory, P. A. 1985. Common sandpiper feeding from hippopotamus injuries. British Birds, 78, 400.

Hancock, P. G. (1978). Dynamics of an overutilized area in the Ndumu Game Reserve, Tongaland. M.Sc. thesis. University of Natal.

Hayward, M. W. 2006. Prey preferences of the spotted hyaena (Crocuta crocuta) and degree of dietary overlap with the lion (Panthera leo). Journal of Zoology, 270, 606-614.

Hayward, M. W., & Hayward, M. D. 2012. Waterhole use by African fauna. South African Journal of Wildlife Research, 42, 117-127.

Hediger, H. 1953. Ein symbioseartiges Verhältnis zwischen Flusspferd und Fisch. Säugetierkundl. Mitt, 1, 75-76.

Hillaby, J. 1962. Harvesting the hippo. New Scientist, 14, 588.

Jones, S., Carrasco, N. K., Perissinotto, R., & Fox, C. 2020. Abiotic and biotic responses to the 2016/2017 restoration project at the St Lucia Estuary mouth, South Africa. African Journal of Aquatic Science, 45, 153-166. doi: 10.2989/16085914.2019.1680340

Kanga, E. M., Ogutu, J. O., Piepho, H. P., & Olff, H. 2013. Hippopotamus and livestock grazing: influences on riparian vegetation and facilitation of other herbivores in the Mara Region of Kenya. Landscape and Ecological Engineering, 9, 47-58. doi: 10.1007/s11355-011-0175-y

Karstad, E. L. (1986). The ecology of hippopotami (Hippopotamus amphibius) in southwestern Kenya. M.Sc. thesis. University of Alberta.

Kenyi, J. M. 1979. Bone collection from Rwenzori National Park, Uganda. African Journal of Ecology, 17, 123-125.

Kilham, P. 1982. The effect of hippopotamuses on potassium and phosphate ion concentrations in an African lake. American Midland Naturalist, 108, 202-205.

Kyriacou, X. S. (1980). Decomposition studies in Lake Bhangazi, Zululand. B.Sc. Hons thesis, University of Natal.

Lacher, T. E., Davidson, A. D., Fleming, T. H., Gomez-Ruiz, E. P., McCracken, G. F., Owen-Smith, N., Peres, C. A., & Vander Wall, S. B. 2019. The functional roles of mammals in ecosystems. Journal of Mammalogy, 100, 942-964. doi: 10.1093/jmammal/gyy183

Laws, R. M. 1968. Interaction between elephant and hippopotamus populations and their environments. East African Agricultural and Forestry Journal, 23, 140-147.

Laws, R. M., Parker, I. S. C., & Johnstone, R. C. B. 1975. Elephants and their habitats. The ecology of elephants in North Bunyoro, Uganda. Oxford: Clarendene Press.

Leyhausen, P. 1976. Erosion and the hippos. Oryx, 13, 303-304.

Lock, J. M. 1972. The effects of hippopotamus grazing on grasslands. Journal of Ecology, 60, 445-467.

Mackie, C. (1973). Interactions between the hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius L.) and its environment on the Lundi River. University of Rhodesia, Salisbury.

Marshall, P. J., & Sayer, J. A. 1976. Population ecology and response to cropping of a hippopotomus population in eastern Zambia. Journal of Applied Ecology, 13, 391-404.

Masese, F. O., Kiplagat, M. J., Gonzalez-Quijano, C. R., Subalusky, A. L., Dutton, C. L., Post, D. M., & Singer, G. A. 2020. Hippopotamus are distinct from domestic livestock in their resource subsidies to and effects on aquatic ecosystems. Proceedings of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences, 287. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2019.3000

McCarthy, T. S., Ellery, W. N., & Bloem, A. 1998. Some observations on the geomorphological impact of hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius L.) in the Okavango Delta, Botswana. African Journal of Ecology, 36, 44-56.

Michez, A., Doucet, J. L., Dendoncker, N., Bouche, P., & Vermeulen, C. 2013. Preliminary description of the diet of Hippopotamus amphibius L. in Loango National Park (Gabon). Biotechnologie Agronomie Societe Et Environnement, 17, 580-583.

Mugangu, T. E., & Hunter, M. L. 1992. Aquatic foraging by hippopotamus in Zaire - response to a food shortage. Mammalia, 56, 345-349.

Musa, A. A., Muturi, M. W., Musyoki, A. M., Ouso, D. O., Oundo, J. W., Makhulu, E. E., Wambua, L., Villinger, J., & Jeneby, M. M. 2020. Arboviruses and blood meal sources in zoophilic mosquitoes at human-wildlife interfaces in Kenya. Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases, 20, 444-453. doi: 10.1089/vbz.2019.2563

Muwanika, V. B., Siegismund, H. R., Okello, J. B. A., Masembe, C., Arctander, P., & Nyakaana, S. 2003. A recent bottleneck in the warthog and elephant populations of Queen Elizabeth National Park, revealed by a comparative study of four mammalian species in Uganda National Parks. Animal Conservation, 6, 237-245.

Nakayama, S. M. M., Ikenaka, Y., Muzandu, K., Choongo, K., M'Kandawire, E., Yasuda, J., & Ishizuka, M. 2012. Metal and metalloid levels and bio-accumulation characteristics in soil, sediment, land plants and hippopotami (Hippopotamus amphibius L) from the South Luangwa National Park, Zambia. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 80, 333-338. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2012.04.003

O'Connor, T. G., & Campbell, B. M. 1986. Hippopotamus habitat relationships on the Lundi River, Gonarhezou National Park, Zimbabwe. African Journal of Ecology, 24, 7-26.

Ogen-Odoi, A. A., & Dilworth, T. G. 1987. Effects of burning and hippopotamus grazing on savanna hare habitat utilization. African Journal of Ecology, 25, 47-50.

Oliver, R. C. D., & Laurie, W. A. 1974. Birds associating with hippopotamus. Auk, 91, 169-170.

Olivier, R. C. D., & Laurie, W. A. 1974. Habitat utilization by hippopotamus in the Mara River. East African Wildlife Journal, 12, 249-271.

Pienaar, U. d. V., van Wyk, P., & Fairall, N. 1966. An experimental cropping scheme of hippopotami in the Letaba river of the Kruger National Park. Koedoe, 9, 1-33.

Pitman, C. R. S. 1961. Birds perching on hippopotamus. Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club, 81, 148.

Pooley, A. C. 1967. Bird/crocodile and bird/hippopotamus commensalism in Zululand. Ostrich, 38, 11-12.

Prinsloo, A. S., Pillay, D., & O'Riain, M. J. 2020. Multiscale drivers of hippopotamus distribution in the St Lucia Estuary, South Africa. African Zoology, 55, 127-140. doi: 10.1080/15627020.2020.1717377

Rice, D. W. 1963. Birds associating with elephants and hippopotamuses. Auk, 80, 196-197.

Scotcher, J. S. B. (1974). A quantitative assessment of the food preferences of Hippopotamus amphibius L. in the Ndumu Game Reserve, Tongaland. M.Sc. thesis, University of Natal.

Scotcher, J. S. B., Stewart, D. R. M., & Breen, C. M. 1978. The diet of the hippopotamus in Ndumu Game Reserve Natal, as determined by faecal analysis. South African Journal of Wildlife Research, 8, 1-11.

Shurin, J. B., Aranguren-Riano, N., Negro, D. D., Lopez, D. E., Jones, N. T., Laverde-R, O., Neu, A., & Ramos, A. P. 2020. Ecosystem effects of the world's largest invasive animal. Ecology, 101. doi: 10.1002/ecy.2991

Schoelynck, J., Subalusky, A. L., Struyf, E., Dutton, C. L., Unzue-Belmonte, D., Van de Vijver, B., Post, D. M., Rosi, E. J., Meire, P., & Frings, P. 2019. Hippos (Hippopotamus amphibius): the animal silicon pump. Science Advances, 5. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aav0395

Souron, A., Balasse, M., & Boisserie, J. R. 2012. Intra-tooth isotopic profiles of canines from extant Hippopotamus amphibius and late Pliocene hippopotamids (Shungura Formation, Ethiopia): Insights into the seasonality of diet and climate. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology, 342, 97-110. doi: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2012.05.007

Subalusky, A. L., Dutton, C. L., Rosi-Marshall, E. J., & Post, D. M. 2015. The hippopotamus conveyor belt: vectors of carbon and nutrients from terrestrial grasslands to aquatic systems in sub-Saharan Africa. Freshwater Biology, 60, 512-525. doi: 10.1111/fwb.12474

Thomson, A. L. 1964. Birds associated with elephants and hippopotamuses. The Auk, 81, 436-436.

Thornton, D. D. 1971. The effect of complete removal of hippopotamus on grassland in the Queen Elisabeth National Park, Uganda. East African Wildlife Journal, 9, 47-55.

Thornton, D. D. 1971. The effect of complete removal of hippopotamus on grassland in the Queen Elizabeth National Park, Uganda. African Journal of Ecology, 9, 47-55.

Tinley, K. L. 1976. The ecology of Tongaland: Wildlife Society.

Van Riet, W. 1969. A study of hippo populations. African Wildlife, 23, 236-242.

Viner, A. B. 1975. The supply of minerals to tropical rivers and lakes (Uganda). Coupling of land and water systems (Ed., by A. D. Hasler, Vol. 10, pp. 227-261): Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.

Wolanski, E., & Gereta, E. 1999. Oxygen cycle in a hippo pool, Serengeti National Park, Tanzania. African Journal of Ecology, 37, 419-423. 

Evoluce & Paleontologie & Taxonomie

Agnarsson, I., & May-Collado, L. J. 2008. The phylogeny of Cetartiodactyla: The importance of dense taxon sampling, missing data, and the remarkable promise of cytochrome b to provide reliable species-level phylogenies. [Review]. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 48, 964-985. doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2008.05.046

Boisserie, J. R. 2005. The phylogeny and taxonomy of Hippopotamidae (Mammalia : Artiodactyla): a review based on morphology and cladistic analysis. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 143, 1-26.

Boisserie, J. R., & Lihoreau, F. 2006. Emergence of Hippopotamidae: New scenarios. Comptes Rendus Palevol, 5, 749-756. doi: 10.1016/j.crpv.2005.11.004

Coryndon, S. C. 1977. The taxonomy and nomenclature of the Hippopotamidae (Mammalia, Artiodactyla) and a description of two new fossil species. Proc. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch Series B, 80, 61-88.

Dietrich, W. O. 1928. Pleistocäne deutschostafrikanische Hippopotamus-reste. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Oldoway Expedition, 1913, 1-41.

Ellerman, J. R., Morrison-Scott, T. C. S., & Hayman, R. W. 1953. Southern African Mammals 1758-1951: A reclassification. London: British Museum.

Geisler, J. H., & Uhen, M. D. 2003. Morphological support for a close relationship between hippos and whales. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 23, 991-996.

Grubb, P. 1993. The afro-tropical hippopotamuses - Hippopotamidae Hippopotamus and Hexaprotodon. Taxonomy and Description. Pigs, Peccaries and Hippos Status Survey Action Plan (1993) (Ed., by R. L. Oliver, Vol. Chapter 3.1, pp. 1-3). Cambridge: IUCN.

Kulemzina, A. I., Trifonov, V. A., Perelman, P. L., Rubtsova, N. V., Volobuev, V., Ferguson-Smith, M. A., Stanyon, R., Yang, F. T., & Graphodatsky, A. S. 2009. Cross-species chromosome painting in Cetartiodactyla: reconstructing the karyotype evolution in key phylogenetic lineages. Chromosome Research, 17, 419-436.

Lyle, A. 1931. Hippopotamus. New fossil mammals and man from South Africa Eds. by T. F. Dreyer & A. Lyle, pp. 13-20). Bloemfontein: Nasionale Pers Bpk.

Nikaido, M., Rooney, A. P., & Okada, N. 1999. Phylogenetic relationships among cetartiodactyls based on insertions of short and long interpersed elements: Hippopotamuses are the closest extant relatives of whales. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 96, 10261-10266.

Okello, J. B. A., Nyakaana, S., Masembe, C., Siegismund, H. R., & Arctander, P. 2005. Mitochondrial DNA variation of the common hippopotamus: evidence for a recent population expansion. Heredity, 95, 206-215.

Tsubamoto, T., Kunimatsu, Y., & Nakatsukasa, M. 2015. A lower molar of a primitive, large hippopotamus from the lower Miocene of Kenya. Paleontological Research, 19, 321-327. doi: 10.2517/2015pr015

Ursing, B. M., & Arnason, U. 1998. Analyses of mitochondrial genomes strongly support a hippopotamus - whale clade. Proceedings of Royal Society of London B, 265, 2251-2255.

Zazzo, A., Lebon, M., Quiles, A., Reiche, I., & Vigne, J. D. 2015. Direct dating and physico-chemical analyses cast doubts on the coexistence of humans and dwarf hippos in Cyprus. Plos One, 10. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134429

Chov & Lidská péče

Anghi von, C. G. 1934. Nachrichten aus Zoologische Garten: Budapest. Zoologische Garten, 7, 154.

Anonymous. 1960. Elephants and hippos at Adelaide zoo. International Zoo Yearbook, 2, 51-52.

Anonymous. 1960. The hippopotamus exhibit at San Diego zoo. International Zoo Yearbook, 2, 49-50.

Anonymous. 1960. Houston hippopotamus house. International Zoo Yearbook, 2, 50.

Blaszkiewitz, B. 1980. Flusspferde (Hippopotamus amphibious) im Zoo Berlin. Bongo, Berlin, 4, 17-22.

Blowers, T. E., Waterman, J. M., Kuhar, C. W., & Bettinger, T. L. 2012. Female Nile hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius) space use in a naturalistic exhibit. Zoo Biology, 31, 129-136. doi: 10.1002/zoo.20366

Davis, D. G. 1960. The Hippopotamus display at the Chezenne mountain zoo. International Zoo Yearbook, 2, 48-49.

Dittrich, L. 1962. Versuchte künstliche Aufzucht eines Flusspferdes (Hippopotamus amphibius L.). Zoologische Garten, 26, 175-190.

Fernandez, E. J., Ramirez, M., & Hawkes, N. C. 2020. Activity and pool use in relation to temperature and water changes in zoo hippopotamuses (Hippopotamus amphibious). Animals, 10. doi: 10.3390/ani10061022

Goss, D. J. 1960. Breeding notes on the hippopotamus and the giraffe at Cleveland zoo. International Zoo Yearbook, 2, 90.

Jacobi, E. F. 1969. Hippopotamus, tapir and manatee house at Amsterdam Zoo. International Zoo Yearbook, 9, 63-65.

Jonch, A. 1965. Exhibit for large animals at Barcelona Zoo. International Zoo Yearbook, 5, 82-85.

Kirchshofer, R. 1970. Notiz uber eine steissgeburt beim flusspferd (Hippopotamus amphibius Linne). Einige bemerkungen zur vermehrungsrate des frankfurter flusspferdpaares. Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde, 35, 27-34.

Krueger, S. K. 1998. When things go as planned: Introducing an unrelated ten month old hippo to an established adult pair of over forty years. Proceedings of the 1998 American Zoo and Aquarium Association Regional Conferences, 470-475.

Schmidt, C. R. 2017. Zur zucht des flusspferd, Hippopotamus amphibius. Bulette Berlin, 5, 46-60.

Sleeper, B. 1977. Introduction of a young male to an adult female Hippopotamus amphibius. Applied behavioral research at the Woodland Park Zoological Gardens, Seattle, Washington Eds. by C. Crockett & M. Hutchins, pp. 331-369): Pika Press.

Turner, E. 1960. The large mammal building at Dallas zoo. International Zoo Yearbook, 2, 1-2.

Van Doorn, C. 1968. Einiges uber flusspferde-ihre zucht und haltung im Rotterdamer Zoo. Freunde des Kolner Zoo, 11, 85-90.

Van Foreest, A. W., Greenwood, A. G., & Taylor, D. C. (1979). Hand rearing of an infant nile hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius). Paper presented at the American association of Zoo Veterinarians Annual Proceedings.

Van Niekerk, J. W., & Pienaar, U. D. V. 1962. Adaptations of the immobilizing technique to the capture, marking and translocation of game animals in the Kruger National Park. Koedoe, 5, 137-143.

Weber, E. 1970. Hand-rearing a hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius at Melbourne Zoo. International Zoo Yearbook, 10, 153.

Westerman, G. F. 1863. Geboorte van een Nijlpaard. Ned. Tijdschrift Dierkunde, deel 1, 1-5.

Wilson, J., & Littlewood, A. 1978. First year of a hand-reared hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius at Portland Zoo. International Zoo Yearbook, 18, 211-213.

Zubkowicz, R. 2005. Selected problems of organising exhibition areas for common hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius) - zoological data. Annals of Warsaw Agriculture University, 26, 211-218.

Zubkowicz, R. 2006. An attempt to evaluate selected animal exhibitions in zoological garden based on their educational role. Annals of Warsaw Agricultural University, 27, 1-9. 

Molekulární Biologie


Coletti, A., Lentini, S., Conte, V., Floris, B., Bortolini, O., Sforza, F., Grepioni, F., & Galloni, P. 2012. Unexpected one-pot synthesis of highly conjugated pentacyclic diquinoid compounds. Journal of Organic Chemistry, 77, 6873-6879. doi: 10.1021/jo300985x

Duncan, W. R. H., & Garton, G. A. 1968. The fatty acid composition and intramolecular structure of tryglicerides from adipose tissue of the hippopotamus and the African elephant. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 25, 319-325.

Galasso, V., & Pichierri, F. 2009. Probing the molecular and electronic structure of norhipposudoric and hipposudoric acids from the red sweat of Hippopotamus amphibius: a dft investigation. Journal of Physical Chemistry A, 113, 2534-2543.

Hashimoto, K., Saikawa, Y., & Nakata, M. 2006. Chemical studies on the red sweat of the hippopotamus. Journal of Synthetic Organic Chemistry Japan, 64, 1251-1260.

Hashimoto, K., Saikawa, Y., & Nakata, M. 2007. Studies on the red sweat of the Hippopotamus amphibius. Pure and Applied Chemistry, 79, 507-517.

Kulemzina, A. I., Trifonov, V. A., Perelman, P. L., Rubtsova, N. V., Volobuev, V., Ferguson-Smith, M. A., Stanyon, R., Yang, F. T., & Graphodatsky, A. S. 2009. Cross-species chromosome painting in Cetartiodactyla: reconstructing the karyotype evolution in key phylogenetic lineages. Chromosome Research, 17, 419-436.

Maniou, Z., Wallis, O. C., & Wallis, M. 2004. Episodic molecular evolution of pituitary growth hormone in Cetartiodactyla. Journal of Molecular Evolution, 58, 743-753.

Matthee, C. A., Burzlaff, J. D., Taylor, J. F., & Davis, S. K. 2001. Mining the mammalian genome for artiodactyl systematics. Systematic Biology, 50, 367-390.

Saikawa, Y., Moriya, K., Hashimoto, K., & Nakata, M. 2006. Synthesis of hipposudoric and norhipposudoric acids: the pigments responsible for the color reaction of the red sweat of Hippopotamus amphibius. Tetrahedron Letters, 47, 2535-2538.

Sastri, C. S., Banerjee, A., Sauvage, T., Courtois, B., & Schuhmacher, T. 2013. Fluorine determination in different types of ivory by PIGE technique. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, 298, 311-315. doi: 10.1007/s10967-012-2410-x

Thompson, R. B., Borden, D., Tarr, G. E., & Margoliash, E. 1978. Heterogeneity of amino acid sequence in hippopotamus cytochrome C. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 253, 8957-8961. 

Parazitologie


Appleton, C. C., & Bruton, M. N. 1979. Epidemiology of schistosomiasis in the vicinity of Lake Sibaya, with a note on other areas of Tongaland (Natal, South Africa). Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 73, 547-561. doi: 10.1080/00034983.1979.11687297

Dinnik, J. A., & Dinnik, N. N. 1961. On the morphology and life history of Fasciola nyanzae Leiper, 1910 from the hippopotamus. Journal of helminthology, 35, 53-62.

Du Preez, L. H., & Moeng, I. A. 2004. Additional morphological information on Oculotrema hippopatami Stunkard, 1924 (Monogenea: Polystomatidae) parasitic on the African hippopotamus. African Zoology, 39, 225-233.

Fripp, P. J. 1981. Nonspecific estrase isoenzymes of adult schistosomes from the hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius). Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, 48, 257.

Garnham, P. C. C. 1960. Blood parasites of hippopotamus in Uganda. East African Medical Journal, 37.

Kruger, F. J., Hamilton-Attwell, V. L., Joubert, P. H., & Visser, P. S. 1988. The tegument of Schistosoma hippopotami from Hippopotamus amphibius in the Kruger National Park. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, 55, 153-155.

Kruger, F. J., & Wolmarans, C. T. 1990. Host cellular components adhering to the tegument of schistosomes from cattle, buffalo, hippopotamus and lechwe. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, 57, 137-139.

Langer, P. 1979. Phylogenetic adaptation of the stomach of the Macropodidae Owen, 1839, to food. Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde, 44, 321-333.

Leiper, R. T. 1910. The entozoa of the hippopotamus. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 233-252.

Maung, M. 1975. An ascaridoid nematode from a hippopotamus. International Journal for Parasitology, 5, 431-440.

McCully, R. M., Van Niekerk, J., & Kruger, S. P. 1965. The pathology of bilharziasis in Hippopotamus amphibius. South African Medical Journal, 39, 1026.

McCully, R. M., Van Niekerk, J. W., & Kruger, S. P. 1967. Observations on the pathology of Bilharziasis and other parasitic infestations of Hippopotamus amphibius Linnaeus 1758, from the Kruger National Park. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, 34, 563-618.

Moloi, S. K., Kutuza, S. B., & Boreham, P. F. L. 1980. Studies on Glossina pallidipes, Glossina fuscipes fuscipes and Glossina brevipalpis in terms of the epidemiology and epizootiology of trypanosomiases in Southern-eastern Uganda. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 74, 219-238.

Oosthuizen, J. H., & Davies, R. E. 1994. The biology and adaptations of the hippopotamus leech Placobdelloides jaegerskioeldi (Glossiphoniidae) to its host. Canadian Journal of Zoology-Revue Canadienne de zoologie 72, 418-422.

Pitchford, R. J., & Visser, P. 1981. Schistosoma, Weinland, 1858 from Hippopotamus amphibius, Linnaeus, 1758 in the Kruger National Park. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, 48.

Stone, S. S., & Heuschele, W. P. 1965. The role of the hippopotamus in the epizootiology of African swine fever. Bulletin of epizootic diseases of Africa, 13, 23-28.

Stunkard, H. W. 1924. A new trematode, Oculotrema hippopotami ng, n. sp, from the eye of the hippopotamus. Parasitology, 16, 436-440.

Swart, P. J. 1961. Nilocotyle hepaticae n. sp. from Hippopotamus amphibius. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, 28, 551-556.

Swart, P. J. 1966. A redescription of Nylocotyle (Nilocotyle) praesphinctris Nasmark, 1937 (Trematoda: Paramphistomidae) from Hippopotamus amphibius. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, 33, 73-76.

Thurston, J. P. 1963. Schistosomes from Hippopotamus amphibius L. 1. Morphology of Schistostoma hippopotami sp. nov. Parasitology, 53, 49-54.

Thurston, J. P. 1964. Schistosomes from Hippopotamus amphibius L. 2. Morphology of Schistosoma edwardsinae sp. nov. Parasitology, 54, 67-72.

Thurston, J. P., & C., N. 1973. Entodinimorph ciliates from stomach of Hippopotamus amphibius, with descriptions of 2 new genera and 3 new species. Journal of Protozoology, 20, 562-565.

Thurston, J. P., & Grain, J. 1971. Holotrich ciliates from stomach of Hippopotamus amphibius, with description of 2 new genera and 4 new species. Journal of Protozoology, 18, 133-141.

Wetzel, H. 1973. On the nasal bot fly of the hippopotamus Rhinoestrus hippopotami (Diptera: Oestridae). Zeitschrift für angewandte Zoologie, 60, 5-14.

Wetzel, V. H. 1973. Zur kenntnis des rachenfliege des flusspferdes, Rhinoestrus hippopotami Grunberg (Diptera : Oestridae). Zeitscrift fur angewandte Zoologie, 60, 5-14. 

Fyziologie


Abaturov, B. D., Kolesnikov, M. P., Nikonova, O. A., & Pozdnyakova, M. K. 2003. Experience of quantitative investigation of nutrition in free-ranging mammals in natural habitat. Zoologichesky Zhurnal, 82, 104-114.

Buck, A. C., Leivestad, H., Meya, A., Nganwa-Baguma, A. B., Nkugwa, J., Rayner, D. V., Richardson, H. D., Tejani, D., & Wright, P. G. 1969. Some observations on the blood of the hippopotamus (H. amphibius). Makerere Medical Journal, 13, 25-28.

Cena, K. 1964. Thermoregulation in the hippopotamus. International Journal of Biometeorology, 8, 57-60.

Cmelik, S. H. W., & Ley, H. 1976. Composition of lipids from adrenal gland of Hippopotamus amphibius. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B-Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, 54, 347-350.

Dittrich, L. 1976. Age of sexual maturity in the hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius). International Zoo Yearbook, 16, 171-173.

Duncan, W. R. H., & Garton, G. A. 1968. The fatty acid composition and intramolecular structure of tryglicerides from adipose tissue of the hippopotamus and the African elephant. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 25, 319-325.

Elsner, R. 1966. Diving bradycardia in the unrestrained hippopotamus. Nature, 212, 408-408.

Gray, R. F. 1960. Hippopotamus milk analysis. International Zoo Yearbook, 1, 46-46.

Havinga, J., & Beintema, J. J. 1980. Pancreatic ribonucleases of mammals with ruminant‐like digestion: Amino‐acid sequences of hippopotamus and sloth ribonucleases. European Journal of Biochemistry, 110, 131-142.

Kayanga, F. I. B. 1989. The reproductive biology of the male hippopotamus. Symposia of the Zoological Society of London, 61, 181-196.

Laws, R. M., & Clough, G. 1965. Observation of reproduction in the hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius). Journals of Reproduction and Fertility, 9, 369-370.

Laws, R. M., & Clough, G. 1966. Observation of reproduction in the hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius). Symposia of the Zoological Society of London, 15, 117-140.

Leivestad, H., Richardson, D., & Wright, P. G. 1973. The respiratory properties of the blood of the hippopotamus. Respiration Physiology, 19, 19-25.

Luck, C. P., & Wright, P. G. 1959. The body temperature of the hippopotamus (H. amphibius). Journal of Physiology, 147, P53-P54.

Luck, C. P., & Wright, P. G. 1962. Aspects of the body temperature, and habitat of large animals. Biometeorologypp. 334-338). Oxford: Pergamon Press.

Luck, C. P., & Wright, P. G. 1964. Aspects of anatomy and physiology of skin of hippopotamus (H. amphibius). Quarterly Journal of Experimental Physiology and Cognate Medical Sciences, 49, 1-14.

Mouquet, A. 1919. Gestation d'une femmelle d'hippopotame. Bulletin de la Société National d'Acclimatisation France, 167-180.

Msuya, P. 1963. A chemical examination of the red dye secreted in the sweat of the hippopotamus. Biochemical Journal, 89, 80.

Parker, G. H. 1935. The breathing rate of the hippopotamus as indicated by its submergence period. Journal of Mammalogy, 16, 115-117.

Rollinson, D. H. L., & Lomax, G. D. 1959. Paper electrophoresis of hippopotamus haemoglobin. Nature, 184, 1653-1654.

Saikawa, Y., Hashimoto, K., Nakata, M., Yoshihara, M., Nagai, K., Ida, M., & Komiya, T. 2004. Pigment chemistry: The red sweat of hippopotamus. Nature, 429, 363-363.

Saikawa, Y., Hashimoto, K., Nakata, M., Yoshihara, M., Nagai, K., Ida, M., & Komiya, T. 2004. The red sweat of the hippopotamus. Nature, 429, 363. doi: 10.1038/429363a

https://www.nature.com/articles/429363a#supplementary-information

Sayer, J. A., & Rakha, A. M. 1974. The age of puberty of the hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius Linn.) in the Luangwa River in eastern Zambia. East African Wildlife Journal, 12, 227-232.

Schumacher, S. V. 1918. Histologische untersuchung der ausseren haut eines neugeborenen Hippopotamus amphibius (Vol. 94). Wien: K.K. Hof- und Staatsdruckerei.

Schumacher, S. V. 1918. Mucous glands in the skin of a hippopotamus (Vol. 94). Wien: K.K. Hof- und Staatsdruckerei.

Schwarm, A., Ortmann, S., Hofer, H., Streich, W. J., Flach, E. J., Kühne, R., Hummel, J., Castell, J. C., & Clauss, M. 2006. Digestion studies in captive Hippopotamidae: A group of large ungulates with an unusually low metabolic rate. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 90, 300-308.

Skinner, J. D., Scorer, J. A., & Millar, R. P. 1975. Observation on the reproductive physiological status of mature herd bulls, bachelor bulls, and young bulls in the hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius amphibius Linnaeus. General and Comparative Endocrinology, 26, 92-95.

Takatsu, Z., Matsumoto, H., Hanaki, K., Zhang, Z. H., Hou, R., Wang, H. R., Yan, Z., Yao, Y., Yasuda, N., Shimokawa, Y., & Kurokawa, H. 2020. Glucosamine contents of milk hydrolysates from various mammals. Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 50, 583-587.

Thurston, J. P., C., N., & Arman, P. 1968. Fermentative digestion in stomach of Hippopotamus amphibius (Artiodactyla - Suiformes) and associated ciliate Protozoa. Nature, 218, 882-883.

Tomes, J. 1850. On the blood‐coloured exudation from the skin of the hippopotamus. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1850, 160.

Van Hoven, W. 1974. Ciliate protozoa and aspects of the nutrition of the hippopotamus in the Kruger National Park. South African Journal of Science, 70, 107.

Van Hoven, W. 1977. Stomach fermentation rate in hippopotamus. South African Journal of Science, 73, 216-216.

Van Hoven, W. 1978. Digestion physiology in the stomach comples and hindgut of the hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius). South African Journal of Wildlife Research, 8, 59-63.

Weinbren, B. M. 1960. Serum proteins of Hippopotamus amphibius (Linnaeus). Journal of Comparative Pathology, 70, 217-221.

Wheaton, C. J., Joseph, S., Reid, K., Webster, T., Richards, M., & Savage, A. 2006. Body weight as an effective tool foor determination of onset of puberty in captive female Nile hippopotami (Hippopoptamus amphibious). Zoo Biology, 25, 59-71.

Wright, P. G. 1972. Considerations on the hippopotamus as a diving animal. The Journal of Physiology, 222, 56.

Wright, P. G. 1973. Observations on the adaptation of the hippopotamus to an aquatic environment. South African Medical Journal 47, 968.

Wright, P. G. 1975. Thermoregulation on land, and the hippopotamus. South African Medical Journal, 49, 275.

Wright, P. G. 1987. Thermoregulation in the hippopotamus on land. South African Journal of Zoology, 22, 237-242.

Wright, P. G., & Luck, C. P. 1959. The skin secretion of the hippopotamus. Journal of Physiology, 148, 22.

Young, E. 1966. Nutrition of the hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius). African Wildlife, 20, 165-167. 

Reprodukce


Alving, T. 1932. Flusspferdgeburt und andere ereignisse im Zoo Kopenhagen. Zoologisher Garten. Lpz. N.P., 5, 34-37.

Amorosa, E. C., Hancock, N. A., & Kellas, L. 1958. The foetal membranes and placenta of the hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius (Linnaeus). . Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 130, 437-447.

Asdell, S. A. 1946. Patterns of mammalian reproduction. New York: Comstock.

Bartlett, A. D. 1871. Notes on the birth of a hippopotamus in the Society's Gardens. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 255-257.

Bartlett, A. D. 1872. Additional notes on the breeding of hippopotamus in the Society's Gardens. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 819-821.

Clough, G. (1967). Reproduction in the hippopotamus, Hippopotamus amphibius. University of Cambridge.

Dittrich, L. 1976. Age of sexual maturity in the hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius). International Zoo Yearbook, 16, 171-173.

Goss, D. J. 1960. Breeding notes on the hippopotamus and the giraffe at Cleveland zoo. International Zoo Yearbook, 2, 90.

Kayanga, F. I. B. 1989. The reproductive biology of the male hippopotamus. Symposia of the Zoological Society of London, 61, 181-196.

Kenneth, J. H., & Ritchie, G. R. 1953. Gestation periods, a table and bibliography. Edinburgh: Technical communication No. 5 Commonwealth Bureau of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Edinburgh.

Kerbert, C. 1922. Over dracht, geboorte, puberteit en levensduur van Hippopotamus amphibius L. Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde, 22, 185-191.

Laws, R. M., & Clough, G. 1965. Observation of reproduction in the hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius). Journals of Reproduction and Fertility, 9, 369-370.

Laws, R. M., & Clough, G. 1966. Observation of reproduction in the hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius). Symposia of the Zoological Society of London, 15, 117-140.

Matsuzaki, M., & Nakagawa, S. 1973. The copulation of hippopotamus on land. Journal of the Mammalogical Society of Japan, 5, 212.

Mouquet, A. 1919. Gestation d'une femmelle d'hippopotame. Bulletin de la Société National d'Acclimatisation France, 167-180.

Nakagawa, S. 1971. A case of precocious maturity in a female hippopotamus of Ueno Zoological Garden. Journal of the Mammalogical Society of Japan, 5, 139-141.

Porton, I., & Hornbeck, B. 1993. A North American contraceptive database for ungulates. International Zoo Yearbook, 32, 155-159.

Saint-Hillaire, I. G. 1858. Note sur la naissance d'un jeune hippopotame a la ménagerie du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle. Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences Paris, 879.

Senior, M., & Tong, E. H. 1963. Parturition in a hippopotamus. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 140, 57-59.

Skinner, J. D., Scorer, J. A., & Millar, R. P. 1975. Observation on the reproductive physiological status of mature herd bulls, bachelor bulls, and young bulls in the hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius amphibius Linnaeus. General and Comparative Endocrinology, 26, 92-95.

Smuts, G. L. (1978). Reproduction and population data for hippopotami from Kruger National Park. National Parks Board.

Smuts, G. L., & Whyte, I. C. 1981. Relationships between reproduction and environment in the hippopotamus in the Kruger National Park. Koedoe, 24, 169-185.

Vevers, G. M. 1926. Some notes on the recent birth of the hippopotamus in the gardens. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1097-1100.

Wheaton, C. J., Joseph, S., Reid, K., Webster, T., Richards, M., & Savage, A. 2006. Body weight as an effective tool foor determination of onset of puberty in captive female Nile hippopotami (Hippopoptamus amphibious). Zoo Biology, 25, 59-71.

Wojtusik, J., Brandicourt, I. M. C., Rice, W., & Roth, T. L. 2020. Reproductive cycle and pregnancy monitoring in the common hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius through salivary steroid analyses and transabdominal ultrasonography. Journal of Zoo and Aquarium Research, 8, 181-187. doi: 10.19227/jzar.v813.494

Veterinární péče


De Vos, V., & de Klerk, B. D. 1980. Tetanus in a free-living hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius capensis from the Kruger National Park. Koedoe, 23, 171-175.

Dreyer, J., J., D. M., Raubenheimer, E. J., Lemmer, L. B., & De Vos, V. 1988. Blood lead concentrations in hippopotami (Hippopotamus amphibius) in the Kruger National Park. Journal of the South African Veterinary Association, 59, 153-154.

Gerneke, W. H. 1965. The chromososmes and neutrophil nuclear appendages of Hippopotamus amphibius Linnaeus 1758. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, 32, 181-186.

Graham‐Jones, O., & Tong, E. H. 1962. Tranquillization of a pregnant hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius). International Zoo Yearbook, 3, 113-116.

Guilbride, P. D. L., Coyle, T. J., McAnulty, E. G., Barber, L., & Lomax, G. D. 1962. Some pathogenic agents found in hippopotamus in Uganda. Journal of Comparative Pathology and Therapeutics, 72, 131-141.

Harthoorn, A. M. (1963). Techniques of handling large animals such as elephant, rhinoceros, and hippopotamus etc. by use of drugs. Paper presented at the Paper read to XVLL World Veterinary Congress, Hannover.

Harthoorn, A. M. 1973. The drug immobilization of large wild herbivores other than the antelopes. The capture and care of wild animals. Human and rouseau (Ed., by Y. E: , pp. 51-61). Cape Town, South Africa.

Harthoorn, A. M., & Lock, J. A. 1961. Advances in the use of muscle relaxing drugs for immobilization and handling of larger land mammals. Journal of Small Animal Practice, 2, 163-169.

Henwood, R. R., & Keep, M. E. 1989. The capture and translocation of hippopotamus by means of chemical immobilization. Lammergeyer, 40, 30-38.

Krueger, S. K., Barklow, W., & Schlagheck, L. (1998). Developing a hippo skin tissue biopsy dart. Paper presented at the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians and American Association of Wildlife Veterinarians Joint Conference.

Nakagawa, S. 1965. Diabetes in hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius. International Zoo Yearbook, 5, 196-197.

Nath, I., Bose, V. S. C., K., P. S., Das, B. C., & K., S. R. 2004. A case of multiple wounds on forehead in a hippopotamus. Indian Veterinary Journal, 81, 324-325.

Pienaar, U. d. V. 1967. The field-immobilization and capture of hippopotami (Hippopotamus amphibius Linnaeus) in their aquatic element. Koedoe, 10, 149-157.

Pienaar, U. d. V. 1968. Recent advances in the field immobilization and restraint of wild ungulates in South African National Parks. Acta Zoologica et Pathologica Antverpiensia, 46, 17-38.

Pienaar, U. d. V. 1969. Capture and immobilizing techniques currently employed in South African National Parks and Reserves. A practical guide to the study of the productivity of large herbivores Eds. by F. R. Golley & H. K. Buechner). Oxford: Blackwell.

Pienaar, U. d. V. 1969. The use of drugs in the field immobilization and restraint of large wild mammals in South African National Parks. Acta Zoologica et Pathologica Antverpiensia, 48, 163-177.

Pienaar, U. d. V., Van Niekerk, J. W., Young, E., & Van Wyk, P. 1966. Neuroleptic narcosis of large wild herbivores in South African National Parks with the new potent morphine analogues M-99 and M-183. Journal of South African Veterinary Medical Association 37, 277-291.

Porton, I., & Hornbeck, B. 1993. A North American contraceptive database for ungulates. International Zoo Yearbook, 32, 155-159.

Prabhakar, T. G., David, B. P., Chandramonhan, A., & Venkatesan, R. A. 1998. Pasteurellosis in a hippopotamus in captivity. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences, 68, 348-349.

Reed, G. T. 1979. Immobilization of 2 captive adult Nile hippopotami (Hippopotamus amphibius). Proceedings of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians, 150-153.

Spriggs, M., & Reeder, C. 2012. Treatment of vasculitis and dermatitis in a 59-years-old Nile hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 43, 652-656.

Stalder, G. L., Petit, T., Horowitz, I., Hermes, R., Saragusty, J., Knauer, F., & Walzer, C. 2012. Use of a medetomidine-ketamine combination for anesthesia in captive common hippopotami (Hippopotamus amphibius). Javma-Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 241, 110-116.

Stoskopf, M. K., & Bishop, L. 1978. Immobilization of two captive adult Nile hippo (Hippopotamus amphibius). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 9, 103-107.

Thurlbeck, W. M. 1965. Arteriosclerosis in hippopotami. Comparative arteriosclerosis Eds. by J. C. Roberts & S. Straus). New York: Harper & Row.

Walzer, C., Petit, T., Stalder, G. L., Horowitz, I., Saragusty, J., & Hermes, R. 2014. Surgical castration of the male common hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius). Theriogenology, 81, 514-518. doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2013.10.018

Wittschen, P., Ochs, A., & Gruber, A. D. 2007. Oronasal fistula in a 53-year-old hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius). Journal of Comparative Pathology, 137, 253-255. 

Ostatní


Carpaneto, G. M., & Germi, P. 1989. The mammals in the zoological culture of the Mbuti pygmies of north eastern Zaire. Hystrix, 1, 1-83.

Haltenorth, T., & Diller, H. 1984. Mammals of Africa including Madagascar. London: Collins.

Hediger, H. 1977. The hippo takes refuge. Jet Tales Magazine.

(Producer), & Chilvers, H. A. (Director) (1931). Huberta goes south. South Africa.

Jewell, P. A. 1963. Wild life research in East and Central Africa. Oryx, 7, 77-87.

Luck, C. P., & Wright, P. G. 1959. Aqueous humour of the hippopotamus. Nature, 183, 1595.

Maher, E. F. 2005. A hippopotamus, tooth from a Philistine Temple: Symbolic artifact or sacrificial offering? . Near Eastern Archaeology 68, 59-60.

Olivier, R. 1973. The enigmatic hippopotamus. African Wildlife Leadership Foundation News, 8, 14-17.

Pycraft, W. P. 1938. Pygmies and giants: Two species of hippopotamus. The Illustrated London News, 193, 273.

Schwartz, D. M. 1996. Snatching scientific secrets from the hippo's gaping jaws. Smithsonian, 26, 90-99.

Smith, N. S. 1970. Appraisal of condition estimation methods for East African ungulates. African Journal of Ecology, 8, 123-129.

Sylph, A. 2020. Obaysch: A hippopotamus in Victorian London. Archives of Natural History, 47, 421-421. doi: 10.3366/anh.2020.0676