Hroch obojživelný

Obecné

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Anatomie & Morfologie

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Chování

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Ekologie

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Thornton, D. D. 1971. The effect of complete removal of hippopotamus on grassland in the Queen Elizabeth National Park, Uganda. African Journal of Ecology, 9, 47-55.

Tinley, K. L. 1976. The ecology of Tongaland: Wildlife Society.

Van Riet, W. 1969. A study of hippo populations. African Wildlife, 23, 236-242.

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Wolanski, E., & Gereta, E. 1999. Oxygen cycle in a hippo pool, Serengeti National Park, Tanzania. African Journal of Ecology, 37, 419-423.

Evoluce & Paleontologie & Taxonomie

Agnarsson, I., & May-Collado, L. J. 2008. The phylogeny of Cetartiodactyla: The importance of dense taxon sampling, missing data, and the remarkable promise of cytochrome b to provide reliable species-level phylogenies. [Review]. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 48, 964-985. doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2008.05.046

Boisserie, J. R. 2005. The phylogeny and taxonomy of Hippopotamidae (Mammalia : Artiodactyla): a review based on morphology and cladistic analysis. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 143, 1-26.

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Coryndon, S. C. 1977. The taxonomy and nomenclature of the Hippopotamidae (Mammalia, Artiodactyla) and a description of two new fossil species. Proc. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch Series B, 80, 61-88.

Dietrich, W. O. 1928. Pleistocäne deutschostafrikanische Hippopotamus-reste. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Oldoway Expedition, 1913, 1-41.

Ellerman, J. R., Morrison-Scott, T. C. S., & Hayman, R. W. 1953. Southern African Mammals 1758-1951: A reclassification. London: British Museum.

Geisler, J. H., & Uhen, M. D. 2003. Morphological support for a close relationship between hippos and whales. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 23, 991-996.

Grubb, P. 1993. The afro-tropical hippopotamuses - Hippopotamidae Hippopotamus and Hexaprotodon. Taxonomy and Description. Pigs, Peccaries and Hippos Status Survey Action Plan (1993) (Ed., by R. L. Oliver, Vol. Chapter 3.1, pp. 1-3). Cambridge: IUCN.

Kulemzina, A. I., Trifonov, V. A., Perelman, P. L., Rubtsova, N. V., Volobuev, V., Ferguson-Smith, M. A., Stanyon, R., Yang, F. T., & Graphodatsky, A. S. 2009. Cross-species chromosome painting in Cetartiodactyla: reconstructing the karyotype evolution in key phylogenetic lineages. Chromosome Research, 17, 419-436.

Lyle, A. 1931. Hippopotamus. New fossil mammals and man from South Africa Eds. by T. F. Dreyer & A. Lyle, pp. 13-20). Bloemfontein: Nasionale Pers Bpk.

Nikaido, M., Rooney, A. P., & Okada, N. 1999. Phylogenetic relationships among cetartiodactyls based on insertions of short and long interpersed elements: Hippopotamuses are the closest extant relatives of whales. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 96, 10261-10266.

Okello, J. B. A., Nyakaana, S., Masembe, C., Siegismund, H. R., & Arctander, P. 2005. Mitochondrial DNA variation of the common hippopotamus: evidence for a recent population expansion. Heredity, 95, 206-215.

Tsubamoto, T., Kunimatsu, Y., & Nakatsukasa, M. 2015. A lower molar of a primitive, large hippopotamus from the lower Miocene of Kenya. Paleontological Research, 19, 321-327. doi: 10.2517/2015pr015

Ursing, B. M., & Arnason, U. 1998. Analyses of mitochondrial genomes strongly support a hippopotamus - whale clade. Proceedings of Royal Society of London B, 265, 2251-2255.

Zazzo, A., Lebon, M., Quiles, A., Reiche, I., & Vigne, J. D. 2015. Direct dating and physico-chemical analyses cast doubts on the coexistence of humans and dwarf hippos in Cyprus. Plos One, 10. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134429

Chov & Lidská péče

Anghi von, C. G. 1934. Nachrichten aus Zoologische Garten: Budapest. Zoologische Garten, 7, 154.

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Jacobi, E. F. 1969. Hippopotamus, tapir and manatee house at Amsterdam Zoo. International Zoo Yearbook, 9, 63-65.

Jonch, A. 1965. Exhibit for large animals at Barcelona Zoo. International Zoo Yearbook, 5, 82-85.

Kirchshofer, R. 1970. Notiz uber eine steissgeburt beim flusspferd (Hippopotamus amphibius Linne). Einige bemerkungen zur vermehrungsrate des frankfurter flusspferdpaares. Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde, 35, 27-34.

Krueger, S. K. 1998. When things go as planned: Introducing an unrelated ten month old hippo to an established adult pair of over forty years. Proceedings of the 1998 American Zoo and Aquarium Association Regional Conferences, 470-475.

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Van Doorn, C. 1968. Einiges uber flusspferde-ihre zucht und haltung im Rotterdamer Zoo. Freunde des Kolner Zoo, 11, 85-90.

Van Foreest, A. W., Greenwood, A. G., & Taylor, D. C. (1979). Hand rearing of an infant nile hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius). Paper presented at the American association of Zoo Veterinarians Annual Proceedings.

Van Niekerk, J. W., & Pienaar, U. D. V. 1962. Adaptations of the immobilizing technique to the capture, marking and translocation of game animals in the Kruger National Park. Koedoe, 5, 137-143.

Weber, E. 1970. Hand-rearing a hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius at Melbourne Zoo. International Zoo Yearbook, 10, 153.

Westerman, G. F. 1863. Geboorte van een Nijlpaard. Ned. Tijdschrift Dierkunde, deel 1, 1-5.

Wilson, J., & Littlewood, A. 1978. First year of a hand-reared hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius at Portland Zoo. International Zoo Yearbook, 18, 211-213.

Zubkowicz, R. 2005. Selected problems of organising exhibition areas for common hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius) - zoological data. Annals of Warsaw Agriculture University, 26, 211-218.

Zubkowicz, R. 2006. An attempt to evaluate selected animal exhibitions in zoological garden based on their educational role. Annals of Warsaw Agricultural University, 27, 1-9.

Molekulární Biologie

Coletti, A., Lentini, S., Conte, V., Floris, B., Bortolini, O., Sforza, F., Grepioni, F., & Galloni, P. 2012. Unexpected one-pot synthesis of highly conjugated pentacyclic diquinoid compounds. Journal of Organic Chemistry, 77, 6873-6879. doi: 10.1021/jo300985x

Duncan, W. R. H., & Garton, G. A. 1968. The fatty acid composition and intramolecular structure of tryglicerides from adipose tissue of the hippopotamus and the African elephant. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 25, 319-325.

Galasso, V., & Pichierri, F. 2009. Probing the molecular and electronic structure of norhipposudoric and hipposudoric acids from the red sweat of Hippopotamus amphibius: a dft investigation. Journal of Physical Chemistry A, 113, 2534-2543.

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Maniou, Z., Wallis, O. C., & Wallis, M. 2004. Episodic molecular evolution of pituitary growth hormone in Cetartiodactyla. Journal of Molecular Evolution, 58, 743-753.

Matthee, C. A., Burzlaff, J. D., Taylor, J. F., & Davis, S. K. 2001. Mining the mammalian genome for artiodactyl systematics. Systematic Biology, 50, 367-390.

Saikawa, Y., Moriya, K., Hashimoto, K., & Nakata, M. 2006. Synthesis of hipposudoric and norhipposudoric acids: the pigments responsible for the color reaction of the red sweat of Hippopotamus amphibius. Tetrahedron Letters, 47, 2535-2538.

Sastri, C. S., Banerjee, A., Sauvage, T., Courtois, B., & Schuhmacher, T. 2013. Fluorine determination in different types of ivory by PIGE technique. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, 298, 311-315. doi: 10.1007/s10967-012-2410-x

Thompson, R. B., Borden, D., Tarr, G. E., & Margoliash, E. 1978. Heterogeneity of amino acid sequence in hippopotamus cytochrome C. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 253, 8957-8961.

Parazitologie

Appleton, C. C., & Bruton, M. N. 1979. Epidemiology of schistosomiasis in the vicinity of Lake Sibaya, with a note on other areas of Tongaland (Natal, South Africa). Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 73, 547-561. doi: 10.1080/00034983.1979.11687297

Dinnik, J. A., & Dinnik, N. N. 1961. On the morphology and life history of Fasciola nyanzae Leiper, 1910 from the hippopotamus. Journal of helminthology, 35, 53-62.

Fripp, P. J. 1981. Nonspecific estrase isoenzymes of adult schistosomes from the hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius). Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, 48, 257.

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Kruger, F. J., Hamilton-Attwell, V. L., Joubert, P. H., & Visser, P. S. 1988. The tegument of Schistosoma hippopotami from Hippopotamus amphibius in the Kruger National Park. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, 55, 153-155.

Kruger, F. J., & Wolmarans, C. T. 1990. Host cellular components adhering to the tegument of schistosomes from cattle, buffalo, hippopotamus and lechwe. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, 57, 137-139.

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Maung, M. 1975. An ascaridoid nematode from a hippopotamus. International Journal for Parasitology, 5, 431-440.

McCully, R. M., Van Niekerk, J., & Kruger, S. P. 1965. The pathology of bilharziasis in Hippopotamus amphibius. South African Medical Journal, 39, 1026.

McCully, R. M., Van Niekerk, J. W., & Kruger, S. P. 1967. Observations on the pathology of Bilharziasis and other parasitic infestations of Hippopotamus amphibius Linnaeus 1758, from the Kruger National Park. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, 34, 563-618.

Moloi, S. K., Kutuza, S. B., & Boreham, P. F. L. 1980. Studies on Glossina pallidipes, Glossina fuscipes fuscipes and Glossina brevipalpis in terms of the epidemiology and epizootiology of trypanosomiases in Southern-eastern Uganda. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 74, 219-238.

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Stone, S. S., & Heuschele, W. P. 1965. The role of the hippopotamus in the epizootiology of African swine fever. Bulletin of epizootic diseases of Africa, 13, 23-28.

Stunkard, H. W. 1924. A new trematode, Oculotrema hippopotami ng, n. sp, from the eye of the hippopotamus. Parasitology, 16, 436-440.

Swart, P. J. 1961. Nilocotyle hepaticae n. sp. from Hippopotamus amphibius. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, 28, 551-556.

Swart, P. J. 1966. A redescription of Nylocotyle (Nilocotyle) praesphinctris Nasmark, 1937 (Trematoda: Paramphistomidae) from Hippopotamus amphibius. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, 33, 73-76.

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Thurston, J. P. 1964. Schistosomes from Hippopotamus amphibius L. 2. Morphology of Schistosoma edwardsinae sp. nov. Parasitology, 54, 67-72.

Thurston, J. P., & C., N. 1973. Entodinimorph ciliates from stomach of Hippopotamus amphibius, with descriptions of 2 new genera and 3 new species. Journal of Protozoology, 20, 562-565.

Thurston, J. P., & Grain, J. 1971. Holotrich ciliates from stomach of Hippopotamus amphibius, with description of 2 new genera and 4 new species. Journal of Protozoology, 18, 133-141.

Wetzel, H. 1973. On the nasal bot fly of the hippopotamus Rhinoestrus hippopotami (Diptera: Oestridae). Zeitschrift für angewandte Zoologie, 60, 5-14.

Wetzel, V. H. 1973. Zur kenntnis des rachenfliege des flusspferdes, Rhinoestrus hippopotami Grunberg (Diptera : Oestridae). Zeitscrift fur angewandte Zoologie, 60, 5-14.

Fyziologie

Abaturov, B. D., Kolesnikov, M. P., Nikonova, O. A., & Pozdnyakova, M. K. 2003. Experience of quantitative investigation of nutrition in free-ranging mammals in natural habitat. Zoologichesky Zhurnal, 82, 104-114.

Buck, A. C., Leivestad, H., Meya, A., Nganwa-Baguma, A. B., Nkugwa, J., Rayner, D. V., Richardson, H. D., Tejani, D., & Wright, P. G. 1969. Some observations on the blood of the hippopotamus (H. amphibius). Makerere Medical Journal, 13, 25-28.

Cena, K. 1964. Thermoregulation in the hippopotamus. International Journal of Biometeorology, 8, 57-60.

Cmelik, S. H. W., & Ley, H. 1976. Composition of lipids from adrenal gland of Hippopotamus amphibius. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B-Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, 54, 347-350.

Dittrich, L. 1976. Age of sexual maturity in the hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius). International Zoo Yearbook, 16, 171-173.

Elsner, R. 1966. Diving bradycardia in the unrestrained hippopotamus. Nature, 212, 408-408.

Gray, R. F. 1960. Hippopotamus milk analysis. International Zoo Yearbook, 1, 46-46.

Havinga, J., & Beintema, J. J. 1980. Pancreatic ribonucleases of mammals with ruminant‐like digestion: Amino‐acid sequences of hippopotamus and sloth ribonucleases. European Journal of Biochemistry, 110, 131-142.

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Luck, C. P., & Wright, P. G. 1959. The body temperature of the hippopotamus (H. amphibius). Journal of Physiology, 147, P53-P54.

Luck, C. P., & Wright, P. G. 1962. Aspects of the body temperature, and habitat of large animals. Biometeorologypp. 334-338). Oxford: Pergamon Press.

Luck, C. P., & Wright, P. G. 1964. Aspects of anatomy and physiology of skin of hippopotamus (H. amphibius). Quarterly Journal of Experimental Physiology and Cognate Medical Sciences, 49, 1-14.

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Msuya, P. 1963. A chemical examination of the red dye secreted in the sweat of the hippopotamus. Biochemical Journal, 89, 80.

Parker, G. H. 1935. The breathing rate of the hippopotamus as indicated by its submergence period. Journal of Mammalogy, 16, 115-117.

Rollinson, D. H. L., & Lomax, G. D. 1959. Paper electrophoresis of hippopotamus haemoglobin. Nature, 184, 1653-1654.

Saikawa, Y., Hashimoto, K., Nakata, M., Yoshihara, M., Nagai, K., Ida, M., & Komiya, T. 2004. Pigment chemistry: The red sweat of hippopotamus. Nature, 429, 363-363.

Saikawa, Y., Hashimoto, K., Nakata, M., Yoshihara, M., Nagai, K., Ida, M., & Komiya, T. 2004. The red sweat of the hippopotamus. Nature, 429, 363. doi: 10.1038/429363a

https://www.nature.com/articles/429363a#supplementary-information

Sayer, J. A., & Rakha, A. M. 1974. The age of puberty of the hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius Linn.) in the Luangwa River in eastern Zambia. East African Wildlife Journal, 12, 227-232.

Schumacher, S. V. 1918. Histologische untersuchung der ausseren haut eines neugeborenen Hippopotamus amphibius (Vol. 94). Wien: K.K. Hof- und Staatsdruckerei.

Schumacher, S. V. 1918. Mucous glands in the skin of a hippopotamus (Vol. 94). Wien: K.K. Hof- und Staatsdruckerei.

Schwarm, A., Ortmann, S., Hofer, H., Streich, W. J., Flach, E. J., Kühne, R., Hummel, J., Castell, J. C., & Clauss, M. 2006. Digestion studies in captive Hippopotamidae: A group of large ungulates with an unusually low metabolic rate. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 90, 300-308.

Skinner, J. D., Scorer, J. A., & Millar, R. P. 1975. Observation on the reproductive physiological status of mature herd bulls, bachelor bulls, and young bulls in the hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius amphibius Linnaeus. General and Comparative Endocrinology, 26, 92-95.

Takatsu, Z., Matsumoto, H., Hanaki, K., Zhang, Z. H., Hou, R., Wang, H. R., Yan, Z., Yao, Y., Yasuda, N., Shimokawa, Y., & Kurokawa, H. 2020. Glucosamine contents of milk hydrolysates from various mammals. Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 50, 583-587.

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Tomes, J. 1850. On the blood‐coloured exudation from the skin of the hippopotamus. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1850, 160.

Van Hoven, W. 1974. Ciliate protozoa and aspects of the nutrition of the hippopotamus in the Kruger National Park. South African Journal of Science, 70, 107.

Van Hoven, W. 1977. Stomach fermentation rate in hippopotamus. South African Journal of Science, 73, 216-216.

Van Hoven, W. 1978. Digestion physiology in the stomach comples and hindgut of the hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius). South African Journal of Wildlife Research, 8, 59-63.

Weinbren, B. M. 1960. Serum proteins of Hippopotamus amphibius (Linnaeus). Journal of Comparative Pathology, 70, 217-221.

Wheaton, C. J., Joseph, S., Reid, K., Webster, T., Richards, M., & Savage, A. 2006. Body weight as an effective tool foor determination of onset of puberty in captive female Nile hippopotami (Hippopoptamus amphibious). Zoo Biology, 25, 59-71.

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Wright, P. G. 1973. Observations on the adaptation of the hippopotamus to an aquatic environment. South African Medical Journal 47, 968.

Wright, P. G. 1975. Thermoregulation on land, and the hippopotamus. South African Medical Journal, 49, 275.

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Young, E. 1966. Nutrition of the hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius). African Wildlife, 20, 165-167.

Reprodukce

Alving, T. 1932. Flusspferdgeburt und andere ereignisse im Zoo Kopenhagen. Zoologisher Garten. Lpz. N.P., 5, 34-37.

Amorosa, E. C., Hancock, N. A., & Kellas, L. 1958. The foetal membranes and placenta of the hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius (Linnaeus). . Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 130, 437-447.

Asdell, S. A. 1946. Patterns of mammalian reproduction. New York: Comstock.

Bartlett, A. D. 1871. Notes on the birth of a hippopotamus in the Society's Gardens. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 255-257.

Bartlett, A. D. 1872. Additional notes on the breeding of hippopotamus in the Society's Gardens. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 819-821.

Clough, G. (1967). Reproduction in the hippopotamus, Hippopotamus amphibius. University of Cambridge.

Dittrich, L. 1976. Age of sexual maturity in the hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius). International Zoo Yearbook, 16, 171-173.

Goss, D. J. 1960. Breeding notes on the hippopotamus and the giraffe at Cleveland zoo. International Zoo Yearbook, 2, 90.

Kayanga, F. I. B. 1989. The reproductive biology of the male hippopotamus. Symposia of the Zoological Society of London, 61, 181-196.

Kenneth, J. H., & Ritchie, G. R. 1953. Gestation periods, a table and bibliography. Edinburgh: Technical communication No. 5 Commonwealth Bureau of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Edinburgh.

Kerbert, C. 1922. Over dracht, geboorte, puberteit en levensduur van Hippopotamus amphibius L. Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde, 22, 185-191.

Laws, R. M., & Clough, G. 1965. Observation of reproduction in the hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius). Journals of Reproduction and Fertility, 9, 369-370.

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Matsuzaki, M., & Nakagawa, S. 1973. The copulation of hippopotamus on land. Journal of the Mammalogical Society of Japan, 5, 212.

Mouquet, A. 1919. Gestation d'une femmelle d'hippopotame. Bulletin de la Société National d'Acclimatisation France, 167-180.

Nakagawa, S. 1971. A case of precocious maturity in a female hippopotamus of Ueno Zoological Garden. Journal of the Mammalogical Society of Japan, 5, 139-141.

Porton, I., & Hornbeck, B. 1993. A North American contraceptive database for ungulates. International Zoo Yearbook, 32, 155-159.

Saint-Hillaire, I. G. 1858. Note sur la naissance d'un jeune hippopotame a la ménagerie du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle. Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences Paris, 879.

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Wojtusik, J., Brandicourt, I. M. C., Rice, W., & Roth, T. L. 2020. Reproductive cycle and pregnancy monitoring in the common hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius through salivary steroid analyses and transabdominal ultrasonography. Journal of Zoo and Aquarium Research, 8, 181-187. doi: 10.19227/jzar.v813.494

Veterinární péče

De Vos, V., & de Klerk, B. D. 1980. Tetanus in a free-living hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius capensis from the Kruger National Park. Koedoe, 23, 171-175.

Dreyer, J., J., D. M., Raubenheimer, E. J., Lemmer, L. B., & De Vos, V. 1988. Blood lead concentrations in hippopotami (Hippopotamus amphibius) in the Kruger National Park. Journal of the South African Veterinary Association, 59, 153-154.

Gerneke, W. H. 1965. The chromososmes and neutrophil nuclear appendages of Hippopotamus amphibius Linnaeus 1758. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, 32, 181-186.

Graham‐Jones, O., & Tong, E. H. 1962. Tranquillization of a pregnant hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius). International Zoo Yearbook, 3, 113-116.

Guilbride, P. D. L., Coyle, T. J., McAnulty, E. G., Barber, L., & Lomax, G. D. 1962. Some pathogenic agents found in hippopotamus in Uganda. Journal of Comparative Pathology and Therapeutics, 72, 131-141.

Harthoorn, A. M. (1963). Techniques of handling large animals such as elephant, rhinoceros, and hippopotamus etc. by use of drugs. Paper presented at the Paper read to XVLL World Veterinary Congress, Hannover.

Harthoorn, A. M. 1973. The drug immobilization of large wild herbivores other than the antelopes. The capture and care of wild animals. Human and rouseau (Ed., by Y. E: , pp. 51-61). Cape Town, South Africa.

Harthoorn, A. M., & Lock, J. A. 1961. Advances in the use of muscle relaxing drugs for immobilization and handling of larger land mammals. Journal of Small Animal Practice, 2, 163-169.

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